Article information
Abstract
Objectives
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an atypical pathogen, which is one of the major causes of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) worldwide. This study was performed to determine the role of M. pneumoniae in acute LRTIs in children, who were referred to main pediatric hospitals in Shiraz, Iran, with the diagnosis of LRTI. Polymerase chain reaction method on a throat-swab specimen was utilized to detect M. pneumoniae.
ResultsOne hundred patients with acute LRTIs were investigated in this study. There were 10 positive PCR for M. pneumoniae (10%), including 6 of 62 hospitalized patients and 4 of 38 outpatients. All patients with LRTIs due to M. pneumoniae had cough. Fever, flu like symptoms, dyspnea, pulmonary rales, wheezing, and conjunctivitis were other common signs and symptoms.
ConclusionsThe percentage of cases with M. pneumoniae infection in our population is similar to the reported in other parts of Asia. Precise and early detection of pathogen and appropriate antibiotic therapy are the key points in management of patients with LRTIs.
Keywords:
atypical bacteria
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
PCR
respiratory infection
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
K. Mulholland.
Magnitude of the problem of childhood pneumonia.
Lancet, 354 (1999), pp. 590-592
[2.]
E. Vuori, H. Peltola, M.J.T. Kallio, et al.
Etiology of pneumonia and other common childhood infections requiring hospitalization and parenteral antimicrobial therapy.
Clin Infect Dis, 27 (1998), pp. 566-572
[3.]
J.E. Klig, N.B. Shah.
Office pediatrics: current issues in lower respiratory infections in children.
Curr Opin Pediatr, 17 (2005), pp. 111-118
[4.]
R.B. Thomson.
Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory infections.
Curr Opin Infect Dis, 12 (1999), pp. 115-119
[5.]
R. Menéndez, J. Córdoba, P. de la Cuadra, et al.
Value of the polymerase chain reaction assay in noninvasive respiratory samples for diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159 (1999), pp. 1868-1873
[6.]
H. George, J.R. Mccracken.
Diagnosis and management of pneumonia in children.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 19 (2000), pp. 924-928
[7.]
L.A. Mandell, R.G. Wunderink, A. Anzueto, et al.
Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults.
Clin Infect Dis, 44 (2007), pp. S27-S72
[8.]
D. Stolza, M. Christ-Craind, M.M. Gencaya, et al.
Diagnostic value of signs, symptoms and laboratory values in lower respiratory tract infection.
Swiss Med Wkly, 136 (2006), pp. 434-440
[9.]
J.S. Tan.
Role of atypical pneumonia pathogens in respiratory tract infections.
Can Respir J, (1999), pp. 15-19
[10.]
R.M. Wadowsky, E.A. Castilla, S. Laus, et al.
Evaluation of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae as etiologic agents of persistent cough in adolescents and adults.
J Clin Microbiol, 40 (2002), pp. 637-640
[11.]
T.M. File, J.S. Tan, J.F. Plouffe.
The role of atypical pathogens: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila in respiratory infection.
Infect Dis Clin North Am, 12 (1998), pp. 569-592
[12.]
S. Block, J. Hedrick, M.R. Hammerschlag, et al.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia: comparative efficacy and safety of clarithromycin vs. erythromycin ethylsuccinate.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 14 (1995), pp. 471-477
[13.]
D. Taylor-Robinson, C. Bebear.
Antibiotic susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and treatment of mycoplasmal infections.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 40 (1997), pp. 622-630
[14.]
N. Principi, S. Esposito.
Comparative tolerability of erythromycin and newer macrolide antibacterials in paediatric patients.
Drug Safety, 20 (1999), pp. 25-41
[15.]
R. Harris, B.P. Marmion, G. Varkanis, et al.
Laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. 2. Comparison of methods for the direct detection of specific antigen or nucleic acid sequences in respiratory exudates.
Epidemiol Infect, 101 (1988), pp. 685-694
[16.]
K. Lind, M.W. Bentzon.
Ten and a half years seroepidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Denmark.
Epidemiol Infect, 107 (1991), pp. 189-199
[17.]
J. Petitjean, A. Vabret, S. Gouarin, F. Freymuth.
Evaluation of four commercial immunoglobulin G (IgG)- and IgM-specific enzyme immunoassays for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections.
J Clin Microbiol, 40 (2002), pp. 165-171
[18.]
S.A. Uldum, J. Søndergård-Andersen, J. Skov Jensen, K. Lind.
Evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae specific immunoglobulin G antibodies.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 9 (1990), pp. 221-223
[19.]
J.M. Echevarría, P. León, P. Balfagón, et al.
Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection by microparticle agglutination and antibody-capture enzymeimmunoassay.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 9 (1990), pp. 217-220
[20.]
C. Bernet, M. Garret, B. de Barbeyrac, et al.
Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by using the polymerase chain reaction.
J Clin Microbiol, 27 (1989), pp. 2492-2496
[21.]
M. Ieven, D. Ursi, H. Van Bever, et al.
Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by two polymerase chain reactions and role of M. pneumoniae in acute respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients.
J Infect Dis, 173 (1996), pp. 1445-1452
[22.]
M. Abele-Horn, U. Busch, H. Nitschko, et al.
Molecular approaches to diagnosis of pulmonary diseases due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
J Clin Microbiol, 36 (1998), pp. 548-551
[23.]
L. Skakni, A. Sardet, J. Just, et al.
Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical samples from pediatric patients by polymerase chain reaction.
J Clin Microbiol, 30 (1992), pp. 2638-2643
[24.]
F.C. Liu, P.Y. Chen, F. Huang, et al.
Rapid diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children by polymerase chain reaction.
J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 40 (2007), pp. 507-512
[25.]
H.M. Foy, M.K. Cooney, R. McMahan, J.T. Grayston.
Viral and mycoplasmal pneumonia in a prepaid medical care group during an eight-year period.
Am J Epidemiol, 97 (1973), pp. 93-102
[26.]
H.M. Foy.
Infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and possible carrier state in different populations of patients.
Clin Infect Dis, 17 (1993), pp. S37-46
[27.]
Y.F. Ngeow, S. Suwanjutha, T. Chantarojanasriri, et al.
An Asian study on the prevalence of atypical respiratory pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia.
Int J Infect Dis, 9 (2005), pp. 144-153
[28.]
K. Ouchi, H. Komura, M. Fujii, et al.
Chlamydia pneumonia infection and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in pediatric patients.
Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 73 (1999), pp. 1177-1182
[29.]
A. Elkholy, H. Elkaraksy, A. Fattouh, et al.
Acute lower respiratory tract infection due to Chlamydia and Mycoplasma spp. in Egyptian children under 5 years of age.
J Trop Pediatr, 55 (2009), pp. 195-197
[30.]
A. Meijer, C.F. Dagnelie, J.C. De Jong, et al.
Low prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae among patients with symptoms of respiratory tract infections in Dutch general practices.
Eur J Epidemiol, 16 (2000), pp. 1099-1106
[31.]
N. Principi, S. Esposito, F. Blasi, L. Allegra, Mowgli Study Group.
Role of Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydia pneumonia in children with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.
Clin Infect Dis, 32 (2001), pp. 1281-1289
[32.]
H.C. Maltezou, B. La-Scola, H. Astra, et al.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections among hospitalized children: diagnosis by real time PCR.
Scand J Infect Dis, 36 (2004), pp. 639-642
[33.]
N.H. Kim, J.A. Lee, B.W. Eun, et al.
Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and the indirect particle agglutination antibody test for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children during two outbreaks.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 26 (2007), pp. 897-903
[34.]
M. Sidal, A. Kilic, E. Unuvar, et al.
Frequency of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in children.
J Trop Pediatr, 53 (2007), pp. 225-231
[35.]
Y. Bütün, S. Köse, A. Babayiğit, et al.
Chlamydia and Mycoplasma serology in respiratory tract infections of children.
Tuberk Toraks, 54 (2006), pp. 254-258
[36.]
H.M. Foy, G.E. Kenny, M.K. Cooney, et al.
Longterm epidemiology of infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
J Infect Dis, 139 (1979), pp. 681-687
[37.]
S. Esposito, F. Blasi, F. Bellini, et al.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in children with pneumonia.
Eur Respir J, 17 (2001), pp. 241-245
[38.]
L. Wubbel, L. Muniz, A. Ahmed, et al.
Etiology and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in ambulatory children.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 18 (1999), pp. 98-104
[39.]
M. Korppi, T. Heiskanen-Kosma, E. Jaloner, et al.
Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children treated in hospital.
Eur J Pediatr, 152 (1993), pp. 24-30
Copyright © 2011. Elsevier Editora Ltda.. All rights reserved
