Journal Information
Vol. 23. Issue 5.
Pages 358-362 (September - October 2019)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
3273
Vol. 23. Issue 5.
Pages 358-362 (September - October 2019)
Brief communication
Open Access
Influenza in Yucatan in 2018: Chronology, characteristics and outcomes of ambulatory and hospitalized patients
Visits
3273
Nina I. Mendez-Domingueza,*, Luis O. Bobadilla-Rosadoa, Lizbeth S. Fajardo-Ruiza, Andrea Camara-Salazara, Salvador Gomez-Carrob
a Universidad Marista de Mérida, School of Medicine, Yucatán, Mexico
b O´Horan General Hospital, Epidemiology Surveillance Department, Yucatán, Mexico
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (1)
Tables (1)
Table 1. Signs and symptoms among hospitalized and ambulatory patients diagnosed with influenza in 2018 at O´Horan Hospital in Yucatan, Mexico (N=264).
Additional material (1)
Abstract
Introduction

Influenza season is expected between October and February in the northern hemisphere, including Mexico. Previous studies suggested that transmission peak may occur earlier in Yucatan, a state in southeast Mexico.

Objectives

(a) Describe the seasonality of 2018 influenza cases seen at O´Horan hospital, statewide, and nationwide; (b) analyze the characteristics, clinical manifestations and outcomes of ambulatory and hospitalized patients; (c) analyze fatal outcomes occurrence among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals.

Methods

Retrospective analytic cohort of all confirmed influenza cases assisted at O´Horan hospital during 2018, along with a chronologic graphic description of the statewide epidemic curve from the epidemiological surveillance registries.

Results

A total of 264 influenza cases were analyzed; 145 (55%) were female; 26% were vaccinated. Health workers and unvaccinated individuals were more prone to develop severe cases. Dyspnea and tachypnea were strong predictors of hospitalization; headache, myalgias, arthralgias and rhinorrhea correlated inversely. 236 (89.47%) cases occurred in July and 22 of the 23 deaths occurred before October. No fatal outcomes were observed among vaccinated individuals. Influenza AH1N1 represented 83.6% of serotyped cases.

Discussion

Onset of influenza season in Yucatan may reflect a need for rethinking timing of vaccination and of preventive campaigns, as most cases occurred before vaccination period.

Keywords:
Influenza virus
Infection
Hospitalization
Signs and symptoms
Full Text
Introduction

Every year, almost 15% of the world population becomes infected with influenza, resulting in deaths worldwide. Influenza surveillance is sentinel-type in Mexico, meaning that it is aimed to detect the occurrence and onset of cases, along with identifying any new circulating viral strains. In general, clinical specimens of hospitalized patients are laboratory-confirmed and randomly serotyped. For ambulatory cases, samples are analyzed depending on the available resources. Samples are processed at State Public Health Laboratories with standardized techniques and quality control. When an epidemic is declared, all health units are urged to report cases (even if unsampled) and to emphasize in identifying severe cases to be hospitalized. 2018 was declared as an epidemic year. Even when the influenza season is expected to happen between October and February in the northern hemisphere, including Mexico, where vaccination period starts in October. Previous studies suggested that transmission peak may occur earlier in Yucatan.1–4

Chronology of non-severe, hospitalized and fatal cases has not yet been reported for the region, nor are the signs and symptoms presented in-patients or out-patients. Updating the chronological presentation, sociodemographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, antecedents of vaccination, and main outcomes among hospitalized and ambulatory patients could provide relevant information for preventive purposes.

The aims of the present communication was to (a) Describe the chronology of 2018 influenza cases from O´ Horan General Hospital, statewide, and nationwide; (b) analyze the characteristics, clinical manifestations and outcomes of ambulatory and hospitalized patients; and (c) analyze fatal outcomes among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals.

Methods

This retrospective-cohort study is based on the epidemiologic case reports of all patients who were clinically diagnosed with influenza at O´ Horan General Hospital in 2018. For each patient, the standardized, unified, epidemiological case report form including clinical manifestations was reviewed. Case report forms, laboratory results and clinical outcomes at discharge of all hospitalized patients were identified with the international classification of diseases under code J10. Ambulatory cases were monitored and recorded. All cases were anonymized, coded in a spreadsheet then transformed into variables using Stata14 software for descriptive statistics and association measures (Odds Ratio); results were considered statistically significant when p-value <0.05; post hoc goodness of fit Hosmer-Lemeshow was performed.

The annual influenza cases distribution for the studied hospital, the state, and nationwide were grouped by month of onset of symptoms. Timing of onset of O’ Horan General Hospital cases was derived from case report forms, while statewide and nationwide cases were retrieved from an open-access platform of the Board of Health Department for Access to Health Information and the department of Epidemiological Surveillance.

Results

For 2018, in the state of Yucatan, 6719 ambulatory cases and 480 severe cases were reported. Of those, 264 were assisted at O´Horan General Hospital, where ambulatory patients represented 61.7% (n=164), 145 (55%) women, 11 (7%) pregnant, mean age 27.1 years, 46 (27.42) health workers. A total of 40 (26.85%) ambulatory and 9 (6.21%) hospitalized patients were vaccinated between October 2017 and January 2018.

Health workers and unvaccinated individuals were more prone to have a severe course of the infection. Clinical manifestations among ambulatory and hospitalized patients varied; while dyspnea and tachypnea (Table 1) were strong predictors of hospitalization, headache, myalgias, arthralgias and rhinorrhea correlated inversely.

Table 1.

Signs and symptoms among hospitalized and ambulatory patients diagnosed with influenza in 2018 at O´Horan Hospital in Yucatan, Mexico (N=264).

CharacteristicsGeneral Population frequency/meanGeneral Population PercentageHospitalization  Adjusted (Pseudo R2=0.4713)Hospitalization  Unadjusted
Hospitalized  Ambulatory  Total/ Average  Hospitalized (N=145)  Ambulatory (N=149)  ODDS RATIO  Stdandard Error  z  p-value  ODDS RATIO  Stdandard Error  z  p-value 
Male  59  60  119  39.60  41.38  1.02  0.01  1.80  0.07  1.56  0.39  1.78  0.075 
Age  27  28  27  27.22  26.98  1.07  0.31  0.22  0.82  1.00  0.01  0.21  0.831 
Pregnancy  11  4.83  2.68  6.67  5.37  2.35  0.02  2.35  1.50  1.34  0.182 
Indigenous Ethnicity  10  4.83  2.01  1.32  1.04  0.35  0.73  3.15  2.21  1.64  0.102 
Health Worker  5  41  46  3.45  27.52  1.33  0.08  4.89  0.00  1.31  0.06  5.42  0.000 
Vaccinated  9  40  49  6.21  26.85  0.17  0.08  −3.90  0.00  0.23  0.09  −3.72  0.000 
Pediatric  47  45  92  32.41  30.20  1.90  1.05  1.17  0.24  1.40  0.36  1.28  0.200 
Fever  112  147  259  97.30  98.60  0.36  0.44  −0.83  0.406  0.51  0.47  −0.74  0.462 
Cough  135  111  246  96.50  90.60  4.92  4.41  1.78  0.075  2.88  1.67  1.82  0.069 
Odynophagia  64  99  163  58.10  66.40  1.33  0.58  0.65  0.515  0.65  0.17  −1.70  0.089 
Dyspnea  102  75  177  90.20  50.30  4.33  1.98  3.20  0.001  8.39  2.91  6.14  0.000 
Irritability  67  88  155  58.70  59.00  0.46  0.19  −1.89  0.059  0.99  0.25  −0.05  0.962 
Diarrhea  14  33  47  12.20  22.10  0.56  0.26  −1.28  0.202  0.49  0.17  −2.04  0.041 
Chest pain  53  60  113  45.90  40.50  1.46  0.63  0.86  0.389  1.27  0.32  0.95  0.344 
Chills  57  90  147  51.80  60.80  0.66  0.31  −0.90  0.368  0.64  0.16  −1.75  0.079 
Headache  85  134  219  75.00  89.90  0.32  0.18  −2.02  0.044  0.32  0.11  −3.33  0.001 
Myalgias  65  122  187  61.50  82.40  0.46  0.29  −1.23  0.219  0.29  0.08  −4.39  0.000 
Arthralgia  60  112  172  57.10  75.60  0.49  0.29  −1.22  0.223  0.36  0.10  −3.84  0.000 
Malaise  106  131  237  92.10  87.90  3.86  2.56  2.04  0.042  1.62  0.69  1.12  0.261 
Rhinorrhea  84  129  213  73.60  86.50  0.23  0.12  −2.91  0.004  0.42  0.13  −2.72  0.007 
Tachypnea  85  33  121  74.50  24.10  8.69  3.65  5.15  0.000  8.89  2.54  7.64  0.000 
Vomit  22  32  54  20.00  21.60  0.41  0.19  −1.89  0.059  0.86  0.27  −0.50  0.620 
Abdominal pain  22  29  51  20.70  19.40  1.75  0.85  1.16  0.248  0.98  0.31  −0.07  0.946 
Conjunctivitis  28.00  42.00  70  25.00  28.10  0.73  0.30  −0.75  0.451  0.82  0.23  −0.70  0.484 
A type H1N1  47  51  35.17  23.61  5.88  5.94  1.75  0.080  2.94  2.78  1.14  0.255 
A (unspecified)  2.07  1.39                0.920 
B Yamagata  4.14  2.78                0.777 
B Victoria  0.69  0.46                0.980 
Deaths reported among influenza patients according to vaccination status
Deaths  General population frequencyGeneral Population PercentageAdjustedUnadjusted
  Hospitalized  Ambulatory  Total  Hospitalized  Ambulatory  Death Odds Ratio  Stdandard Error  z  p-value  Death Odds Ratio  Stdandard Error  z  p-value 
Unvaccinated  21  1  22  95.45  1.05  12.84  15.18  2.16  0.031  31.16  32.19  3.33  0.001 
Vaccinated  No observations
Post hoc Hosmer Lewenshow p=0.930

Of 62 serotyped samples, one was hemolyzed; 51 (83.6%) were type AH1N1, 7 (11.47%) were influenza B (one Victoria, six Yamagata) and 3 (4.9%) were unspecified Influenza A. In addition, 19 (82.6%) deaths were associated with AH1N1.

At O'Horan General Hospital, during 2018, 236 (89.47%) cases occurred before October. Due to influenza, 23 (8.27%) patients died, of whom 22 died before October (Fig. 1). All fatal cases occurred in unvaccinated individuals.

Fig. 1.

Monthly distribution of influenza cases in Mexico (N=61,484) and in Yucatan red in Yucatan (N=6719) in 2018. Cases and deaths occurring at the O´Horan Hospital, Yucatan are also presented.

(0.28MB).
National and Yucatan cases source: Open Access Epidemiologic Surveillance system documents accessed from the Board of Health Departments for Access to Health Information.

Chronology of cases occurrence at the hospital coincided with the state transmission for 2018 (Fig. 1) but different from the national trend. An additional figure provides a 10-year chronological distribution of cases.

Discussion

Influenza infection became the first pandemic in the 21st century, to show seasonal patterns.1–3 The observed pattern at O´Horan General Hospital in 2018 is congruent with the earlier yearly seasonality in Yucatan.4 In addition, the present study adds that almost 90% of the ambulatory influenza cases and hospitalizations occurred even before the seasonal vaccination started and that 22 out of the 23 fatalities occurred before the expected season onset. Previous studies from Yucatan had emphasized that vaccination should start earlier.4 Grohskopf et al. recommended early vaccination for regions with earlier timing of influenza season, always considering that waning would also decrease earlier,5 but as Yucatan historical data show that incidence is unlikely to increase in January-February,6 implementing an earlier vaccination in Yucatan seems to be a reasonable preventive strategy. Previous season vaccination may have been protective in severe hospitalized cases, as none of them died.

Influenza AH1N1 was the most common type associated with mortality, which is consistent with previous findings,7 but contrary to a recent study from Tekin et al., in which AH3N2 was related with more fatal cases.8 We observed that the presence of influenza signs and symptoms varied, although headache did not correlate with hospitalization.9 The association between dyspnea and tachypnea with hospitalization has been previously reported in other series.9,10 In conclusion, yearly season of influenza cases in Yucatan may reflect a need for implementing specific preventive strategies and even though no vaccinated individual with a severe case died in the present series, fatal cases occurred even before the time when the season (and vaccination) was expected to start.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Appendix A
Supplementary data

The following are Supplementary data to this article:

References
[1]
Zakariya Al-Muharrmi.
Understanding the influenza A H1N1 2009 Pandemic.
Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J, 10 (2010), pp. 187-195
[2]
J. Gutiérrez-Salinas, P. Mondragón-Terán, L. García-Ortíz, S. Hernández-Rodríguez, E. Romero-Domínguez, Ramírez-García, et al.
Virus de la influenza humana como ejemplo de enfermedad emergente en México.
Med Int Méx, 32 (2016), pp. 213-224
[3]
E.C. Hutchinson.
Influenza virus.
Trends Microbiol, 26 (2018), pp. 809-810
[4]
G. Ayora-Talavera, G.M. Flores, J. Gomez-Carballo, R. Gonzalez-Losa, L. Conde-Ferraez, M. Puerto-Solis, et al.
Influenza seasonality goes south in the Yucatan Peninsula: The case for a different influenza vaccine calendar in this Mexican region.
Vaccine, 35 (2017), pp. 4738-4744
[5]
L.A. Grohskopf, L.Z. Sokolow, K.R. Broder, E.B. Walter, A.M. Fry, D.B. Jernigan.
Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2018-19 influenza season.
MMWR Recommend Rep, 67 (2018), pp. 1-20
[6]
General Directorate of Epidemiology (DGES).
Board of Health, Mexico. Weekly Infuenza Reports for Epidemiologic Surveillance.
[7]
S.S. Chaves, D. Aragon, N. Bennett, T. Cooper, T. D’Mello, M. Farley, et al.
Patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2010-2011 influenza season: exploring disease severity by virus type and subtype.
J Infect Dis, 208 (2013), pp. 1305-1314
[8]
S. Tekin, S. Keske, S. Alan, A. Batirel, C. Karakoc, N. Tasdelen-Fisgin, et al.
Predictors of fatality in influenza A virus subtype infections among inpatients in the 2015-2016 season.
Int J Infect Dis, 81 (2019), pp. 6-9
[9]
D. Dimitrijevic, D. Ilic, S. Rakic Adrovic, V. Suljagic, M. Pelemis, G. Stevanovic, et al.
Predictors of hospitalization and admission to intensive care units of influenza patients in Serbia through four influenza seasons from 2010/2011 to 2013/2014.
Jpn J Infect Dis, 70 (2017), pp. 275-283
[10]
S. Kaya, G. Yilmaz, M. Arslan, F. Oztuna, T. Ozlu, I. Koksal.
Predictive factors for fatality in pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infected patients.
Saudi Med J, 33 (2012), pp. 146-151
Copyright © 2019. Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
Article options
Tools
Supplemental materials