Assessment of initial SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the most affected districts in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil | The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Tostes Pintão, Marcia Cavallari Nunes, Edgar Gil Rizzatti, Fernando de Castro Reinach" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Beatriz Helena" "apellidos" => "Tess" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "beatriz.tess@usp.br" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0001" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Celso Francisco Hernandez" "apellidos" => "Granato" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Maria Cecília Goi Porto" "apellidos" => "Alves" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0003" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Maria Carolina Tostes" "apellidos" => "Pintão" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Marcia Cavallari" "apellidos" => "Nunes" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0004" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Edgar Gil" "apellidos" => "Rizzatti" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Fernando de Castro" "apellidos" => "Reinach" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0001" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Grupo Fleury, Divisão de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0002" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Instituto de Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0003" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Ipec Inteligência em Pesquisa e Consultoria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0004" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica; São Paulo, SP, Brasil" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0001" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1284 "Ancho" => 1583 "Tamanyo" => 75745 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Concordance (overlap area) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 reactivity between Maglumi IgG, Maglumi IgM and Roche in all seropositive participants (n = 30). Maglumi IgM, Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence assay Immunoglobulin M (IgM); Maglumi IgG, Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence assay Immunoglobulin G (IgG); Roche, Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence assay total immunoglobulin (Ig)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe spread of infection due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been ongoing worldwide since December 2019. In Brazil, the first laboratory-confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported on February 26, 2020. The patient was a 61-year-old male resident of São Paulo city, who had returned from a visit to Lombardy (Italy) a few days previously.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001">1</a> On March 13, 2020, the Brazilian Ministry of Health declared that community transmission had been established as an upsurge of COVID-19 cases had been observed in multiple sites in the country.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0002">2</a> By May 23, 2020, approximately 350,000 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and 22,000 deaths had been reported in Brazil.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">3</a>The municipality of São Paulo, located in the Southeastern region of Brazil, is highly urbanized, with a population of approximately 11.6 million and a high level of socioeconomic inequality. The city has been an epicenter of the pandemic in the country and as of May 26, 2020, it had registered 425 cumulative cases per 100,000 inhabitants, compared to the national figure of 163 cases per 100,000.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0003">3</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0004">4</a>Knowledge about the magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic is essential for future planning activities, such as formulation of public policies and control programs. It also underpins communication to the general population about the need for preventive measures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">5</a> The number of laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 and deaths reported to health authorities have been used as indicators of the extent of the epidemic. However, such data have not reflected the actual infection status in São Paulo, or Brazil, due to extremely low testing capacity and the high frequency of asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections which remain undetected. As seroprevalence surveys measure the proportion of the general population who have been infected and have produced anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, they are useful for evaluating the dimension of the epidemic and to track its dynamic over time. Not only they do assess and monitor the spread of the virus regionally, but they are of paramount importance in informing vaccination plans.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">5</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0006">6</a>This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a representative sample of the general adult population living in the six most affected districts in São Paulo city in the early epidemic phase. The potential associations between SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the past two weeks were investigated.Materials and methodsStudy design and sampling strategyThis cross-sectional population-based study was designed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) protocol for population-level COVID-19 antibody testing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007">7</a> The target population was individuals aged 18 years or older on the date of the study visit, residing in permanent private households, located within six administrative districts in the municipality of São Paulo. The districts were selected based on official data on the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and suspected or confirmed COVID-19 deaths, released on April 17, 2020, by the Municipal Department of Health.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008">8</a> The three districts with the highest number of confirmed cases per 100,000 inhabitants (Morumbi, Bela Vista, and Jardim Paulista) and the three districts with the highest number of suspected or confirmed deaths per 100,000 inhabitants (Pari, Belém, and Água Rasa) were included in the study.A sample size of 500 individuals was planned to allow estimation of prevalence of seropositivity greater than 4% to be obtained under coefficients of variation of less than 30%, taking into account a design effect of 2 (deff = 2). Two-stage cluster sampling was used. In the first stage, 72 census tracts were selected using probability proportional to size, measured by the number of households. In the second stage, 16 households were randomly selected in each census tract. All residents aged 18 years or older who could understand the information provided by the research teams were eligible to participate. The sampling strategy did not allow to replace any household that could not be contacted or eligible adults who did not agree to participate in the study. A total of 1,152 households were selected and approached by the highly-trained survey team between May 4 and 12, 2020.Data collectionThe fieldwork teams visited the selected households and invited the randomly selected residents to participate in the study. After signing an informed consent form, participants completed a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and occurrence of COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the preceding two weeks. Questions included sex, age, skin color/race, and educational level measured by years of formal schooling. Self-reported skin color categories followed the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) classification: white, brown, black, Asian, and indigenous.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009">9</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a> Shortly after the interview, a 5-ml blood sample was collected by venipuncture. . Other household members who were interested in participating in the study, followed the same procedures.The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Fleury Laboratory (CAAE 31032620.0.0000.5474) on April 27, 2020.Laboratory phaseSamples were transported from the collection sites to the Serology Laboratory of Group Fleury where they were separated by centrifugation, aliquoted, and stored frozen until analysis. Within days of blood collection, all sera were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies using the commercial kits MAGLUMI IgM 2019-nCoV and MAGLUMI IgG 2019-nCoV, chemiluminescence immunoassays (Snibe Diagnostics, Shenzhen, China). These assays were chosen because they were among the first available for use.Chemiluminescence immunoassays for IgM and IgG detection were developed based on a double-antibody sandwich assay. The recombinant antigens contained the nucleoprotein and a peptide from the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The tests were conducted on an automated magnetic chemiluminescence analyzer (Axceed 260, by Bioscience Diagnostics, Tianjin, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The antibody titer was tested once per serum sample.The performance of chemiluminescence immunoassays has been evaluated in the literature and sensitivity and specificity improve during the progression of infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0011">11–13</a> Tweenty days after symptoms onset, sensitivity for IgM is 100% and specificity 94.1% , and sensitivity for IgG is 100% and specificity 99.5% .<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011">11</a> To determine the reference values, samples from patients diagnosed with the COVID-19 RT-PCR test and samples from control groups such as blood donors, employees without flu symptoms vaccinated in 2020, patients that tested positive for other non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses, and carriers of other infectious diseases were used. After analyzing these samples, we used the following reference values: IgG: reagent >1.1 UA/mL, indeterminate 0.9–1.1 UA/mL, non-reagent <0.9 UA/mL; and IgM: reagent >1.0 UA/mL, indeterminate 0.7-1.0 UA/mL, non-reagent <0.7 UA/mL.In September 2020, a sandwich electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid total Ab ELISA, Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014">14</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">15</a> became available for serologic testing protocol. This test detects total antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen with a sensitivity of >99% and specificity of 100%, according to the manufacturer. A reactive serum sample (cut-off ≥1.0) was considered a positive result.A total of 517 individuals agreed to participate in the study (38.5% participation rate, considering non-contacts and refusals) and their serum samples were tested, using the Maglumi assay, shortly after data collection. In September 2020, stored sera of 463 participants were tested with the Roche assay, as 54 samples were not available due to laboratory problems. To evaluate whether this loss was biased in terms of seropositivity, we compared the estimate of seropositivity prevalence of the 463 retested samples measured by Maglumi assay only, with the estimate observed in the 517-sample analysis. Both results were the same, 4.7%. For the current analysis, our study population comprised 463 individuals whose serum samples had been measured using both tests.Statistical analysisSeropositivity was the outcome of interest and was defined according to previously set laboratory parameters. Individuals whose sera were reactive to either Maglumi or Roche assays were considered seropositive. Indeterminate results were included as negative in the analyses.Descriptive statistics consisted of the characterization of the study sample and anti-SARS-CoV-2 prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI), by sociodemographic characteristics. Prevalence ratios were obtained for these characteristics using Poisson multivariate regression models. Frequency distributions of self-reported symptoms were compared between seropositive and seronegative individuals. All estimates were obtained considering the complex aspects of the design: sampling weights adjusted for response rates and post-stratification by age and sex, according to the district population structure in 2020<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016">16</a> and sampling cluster.Differences between percentages were assessed by survey-adjusted (Rao Scott correction) chi-square tests. A p-value <0.05 was defined as statistically significant. STATA version 14 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) was used for all statistical analyses.Results<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a> shows weighted seroprevalence estimates and prevalence ratios by participant characteristics. The overall weighted seroprevalence for SARS-CoV- 2 was 6% (95%CI 3.9–8.3%), based on dual tests on the serum samples of 463 participants living in 299 households. Briefly, 46.6% were male, mean age 47.1 years (range 18-89), 66.5% self-reported as being white, and 48.8% had a university degree (16 years or more of schooling). In this sample, 46.6% of the 30 seropositive individuals did not report SARS-CoV-2 compatible symptoms in the preceding two weeks.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia>No significant differences in seroprevalence were observed between sexes or age groups. People who reported brown and black skin color showed a 2.7-fold increase in the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, compared to those with white skin (p = 0.007). Although participants who reported eight or fewer years of schooling had higher seroprevalence than those who had 16 years or more of education (10.4% vs 5.6%), this difference was not statistically significant.The distribution of positive laboratory results by Maglumi IgG, Maglumi IgM, or Roche tests is shown on the Venn diagram in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig. 1</a>. Among the 30 seropositive participants, eight were both Maglumi and Roche reactive; one of the seven IgM positives was also IgG reactive. The combination of the two antibody tests enhanced the detection rate by 28%, from 4.7% using Maglumi only, to 6.0%, using Maglumi and Roche.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia>Frequencies of self-reported symptoms during the two-week period before the study visit stratified by SARS-CoV-2 seroreactivity are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>. Seropositive individuals were significantly more likely to have experienced symptoms such as fever, shortness of breath, fatigue, myalgia, ageusia, and anosmia than seronegative participants. The most frequently reported symptoms among seropositive participants were fatigue (33.1%), rhinorrhea (31.5%), myalgia (28.8%), and ageusia (26%). None of the participants reported previous diagnoses of infection.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThis study estimated an overall weighted prevalence of antibodies against SARS- CoV-2 of 6% in a representative sample of residents of the six most affected districts in São Paulo city, in the initial phase of the pandemic, i.e., 10 weeks after the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed. Combining two tests, Maglumi and Roche, resulted in a 28% improvement in sensitivity, thus a more accurate seroprevalence estimate. Differences in the isotypes of antibodies, in the composition of viral antigens and in the technology may partially explain this finding.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">17</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018">18</a>At the time of the current study, two other seroprevalence studies were performed in the city of São Paulo.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">19</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">20</a> and although there were differences in the methodolog, their estimates are similar to ours. One, based on an 826-convenience sample of blood donors and using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG chemiluminescence assay (Abbott, Chicago, USA) reported a weighted prevalence of 5.1% (95%CI 3.4–7.2%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">19</a> The other was part of a nationwide population-based serosurvey and, in São Paulo, it was based on 212 participants. The authors found a seroprevalence of 3.3% (95%CI 1.3–6.7%) using a rapid capillary blood test (Wondfo Biotech One step COVID-19, Guangzhou, China).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">20</a> Their study probably underestimated the true SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence due to use of lateral flow immunoassays that have lower sensitivity than fully automated assays such as those used in both our study and the blood donors’ study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017">17</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021">21</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022">22</a> Our estimate might reflect the upper limit of the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the city considering that we studied the districts with the highest number of cases and deaths at the time the pandemics started in São Paulo.Few other studies in Brazil estimated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the general population based on household surveys or blood donors around the period of our data collection. In Espirito Santo, in the Southeast region, the estimate was 2.1% (95%CI 1.7–2.5%),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023">23</a> in Rio Grande do Sul, in the South, 0.2% (95%CI 0.4–2.0),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024">24</a> and in Manaus, in the North, 37.4% (95%CI 33–42%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019">19</a> These prevalence rates, as well as the results of our study, may not be easily compared because they represent distinct moments of the pandemic in specific locations. Moreover, the use of different laboratory tests, different characteristics of the populations, and different study designs might be responsible for the observed prevalence heterogeneity.Also, in April and May 2020, seroprevalence population-based surveys were performed in several other countries. The seropositivity rates were 10.8% in Geneva (Switzerland),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">25</a> 4.6% in Spain,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026">26</a> 14% in New York State (USA),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027">27</a> and 0.9% in Iceland.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028">28</a> A modeling study estimated that 4.4% of the French population had been infected as of May 2020.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029">29</a> As discussed before, the heterogeneity in prevalence estimates may be explained by the substantial differences between studies in terms of laboratory testing methods and sampling strategies, making comparisons difficult. Additionally, countries and regions faced different stages of the epidemic at different times and seroprevalence estimates not only change over time, but also vary according to adherence to a reduction of social proximity, home quarantine, and to the overall behavior of the population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">30</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031">31</a>Besides assessing the magnitude of cumulative infections in the chosen areas of São Paulo city, we looked at possible associations between sociodemographic factors and SARS-CoV-2 seroreactivity. No difference in seroprevalence was found between male and female participants; likewise, several reports indicated that seroprevalence is not significantly associated with sex.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">30</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031">31</a> Prevalence rates were similar amongst age groups, in line with findings reported in a meta-analysis study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031">31</a> The infection rate was lower among participants with white skin than those with black and brown skin color, as also found in the Brazilian nationwide survey<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">20</a> and in other international studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031">31</a> SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence depends on isolation adherence, which in turn, varies according to multiple socioeconomic aspects such as employment, transportation, income, housing, population density, health, and education. Inequality and exposure to poverty are historically related to race and black and brown skin color in Brazil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">10</a> and the concept of poverty-related diseases might apply to COVID-19.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032">32</a>Previous reports have linked SARS-CoV-2 infections with no or minor symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0033">33-35</a> In our study, 46.6% of seropositive individuals reported no symptoms during the two weeks before the study visit. In line with findings from other studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">20</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026">26</a> several SARS-CoV-2 compatible symptoms such as anosmia, ageusia, fatigue, myalgia, shortness of breath, and fever were significantly associated with seropositivity. It is noteworthy that SARS-CoV-2 compatible clinical symptoms and signs of mild infections remain poorly documented in Brazil.An accurate estimate of the number of infected people requires an accurate measure of both documented and undocumented infections. The strengths of the current research are that it is the first household population-based serosurvey in Brazil to assess the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins based on two validated, fully automated sensitive tests, the Maglumi and Roche immunoassays. These tests, together with the probabilistic sampling design, provided a clear picture of the extent of human exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in the studied regions. Also, although we have only surveyed six districts in the city, the sample is truly representative of the adult general population and reflects the heterogeneity in susceptibility or exposure to infection across population groups.Our study has some limitations. First, due to its cross-sectional design, causal associations cannot be established. Second, refusal bias may have been introduced as a result of non-response which occurred mainly due to non-cooperation by the managers of some residential blocks and residents’ unwillingness to donate blood. Third, we have not included children or young people under 18 years due to logistic restrictions. Fourth, the statistical power may have been insufficient to detect differences between subgroups, such as education level. Last, the generalizability of the results of this study is somewhat limited as we only included six districts in São Paulo city at the beginning of the pandemic in the region. However, we believe that these issues have not affected our findings significantly, considering that they may have led to underestimation and overestimation, counterbalancing their effects on the prevalence estimates.In conclusion, this study represents the first assessment of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the city of São Paulo, providing a baseline estimate. The low prevalence of 6% indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic was in its early phase, meaning that most of the population was susceptible to infection. This is the initial study of a series of consecutive household population-based seroprevalence surveys of adults aged 18 years or older in the municipality of São Paulo. The ongoing surveys use a similar methodology and testing strategy, based on random selection of households each time. Monitoring the progress of the pandemic throughout the entire city is an essential strategy to inform transmission control decisions and to appraise and update the vaccination plan for São Paulo city." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1579340" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0001" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0002" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0003" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0004" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0005" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1422283" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0001" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0002" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0003" "titulo" => "Study design and sampling strategy" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0004" "titulo" => "Data collection" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Laboratory phase" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0006" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0007" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0008" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2021-02-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2021-07-07" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1422283" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "SARS-CoV-2" 1 => "COVID-19" 2 => "Seroepidemiologic study" 3 => "Household survey" 4 => "Seroprevalence" 5 => "Adult" 6 => "Brazil" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundSão Paulo city has been one of the regions most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Frequent asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic infections and poor access to diagnostic tests make serosurveys crucial to monitor the magnitude of the epidemic and to inform public health policies, such as vaccination plans. ObjectivesTo estimate, early in the epidemic, the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in adults living in the six most affected districts in São Paulo city, and to assess potential associated risk factors. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional population-based survey of 1,152 households randomly selected from 72 census tracts. During the period May 4–12, 2020, 463 participants completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and history of symptoms in the past two weeks, and provided a blood sample. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was the outcome of interest and was estimated based on results of two immunoassays, Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence assay Immunoglobulin (Ig) M (IgM) and IgG, and Roche electrochemiluminescence assay total Ig. Serum samples reactive to either assay were considered positive. ResultsWeighted overall seroprevalence was 6% (95%CI 3.9–8.3%). No association was observed between seropositivity and sex, age group or education level. Participants who reported black and brown skin color showed a 2.7 fold higher prevalence than people with white skin (p = 0.007). Among the 30 seropositive individuals, 14 (46.6%) reported no COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the past two weeks. ConclusionThis study represents the first assessment of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the city of São Paulo and 6% is the baseline estimate of a series of population-based seroprevalence surveys. Serological screening using sound serological assays is the key tool to monitoring temporal and geographic changes in the spread of the virus through an important epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Ultimately, it may inform prevention and control efforts." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0001" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0002" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0003" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0004" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abss0005" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0001" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1284 "Ancho" => 1583 "Tamanyo" => 75745 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0001" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Concordance (overlap area) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 reactivity between Maglumi IgG, Maglumi IgM and Roche in all seropositive participants (n = 30). Maglumi IgM, Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence assay Immunoglobulin M (IgM); Maglumi IgG, Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence assay Immunoglobulin G (IgG); Roche, Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence assay total immunoglobulin (Ig)." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0001" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0002" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval.SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0001"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Participants</th><a name="en0003"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence</th><a name="en0004"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence ratio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb1fn1">a</a></th><a name="en0005"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P-value<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb1fn2">b</a></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0007"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0008"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weighted % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0009"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weighted % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0010"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95%CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Overall \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">463 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0016"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">6.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0017"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.9–8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0021"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0023"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">214 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">46.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.7–11.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">249 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">53.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.2–7.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0040"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.239 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0041"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Age group (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0043"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0046"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0047"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0048"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">< 40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">195 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">37.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">8.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.9–13.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">40 – 59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">155 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">36.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.1–8.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.190 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">≥ 60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">113 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">26.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.2–6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.160 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Self-reported skin color/race<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb1fn3">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">White \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0077"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">302 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">66.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.0–5.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Brown and black \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">130 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0085"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">28.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0086"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">11.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0087"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.7–16.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0088"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.007 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Asian and indigenous \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">6.0–18.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.679 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Schooling (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">≤ 8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">10.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">10.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.7 – 20.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0109"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0110"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0111"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">9 - 15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0112"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">194 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">40.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0115"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.4–8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0116"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0117"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.285 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0118"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">≥ 16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0119"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">219 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0120"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">48.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0121"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0122"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.0–9.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0123"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0124"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.325 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">COVID-19 compatible symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0129"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0130"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0131"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0132"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0133"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">319 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0134"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">70.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0135"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0136"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.2–5.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0137"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0138"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0139"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Yes (any)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb1fn4">d</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0140"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">144 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0141"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">30.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0142"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">10.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0143"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.7–16.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0144"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0145"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">≤ 0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2705900.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tb1fn1" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Adjusted for sex, age group, skin color, schooling, occurrence of symptoms." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tb1fn2" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Survey-adjusted chi-square test (Rao Scott correction)." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tb1fn3" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "Missing data n = 4" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tb1fn4" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "Single or multiple symptoms in the past 2 week." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Prevalence and prevalence ratios of SARS-CoV-2 by sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported COVID-19 compatible symptoms, São Paulo City, Brazil, 2020." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0002" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "alt0003" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0146"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">COVID-19 compatible symptoms</th><a name="en0147"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seronegative (n = 433)</th><a name="en0148"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seropositive (n = 30)</th><a name="en0149"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P-value<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb2fn1">a</a></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0151"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0152"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weighted % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0153"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0154"></a><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weighted % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0156"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Any symptom<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb2fn2">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0157"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">128 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0158"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">28.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0159"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0160"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">53.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0161"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0162"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Fatigue \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0163"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0164"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0165"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0166"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">33.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0167"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">< 0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0168"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Rhinorrhea \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0169"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0170"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">19.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0171"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0172"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">31.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0173"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.121 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0174"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Myalgia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0175"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0176"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">6.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0177"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0178"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">28.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0179"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">< 0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0180"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Ageusia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0181"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0182"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0183"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0184"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">26.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0185"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">< 0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0186"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Cough \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0187"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0188"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">15.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0189"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0190"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">22.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0191"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.278 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0192"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Anosmia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0193"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0194"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">2.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0195"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0196"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">21.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0197"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">< 0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0198"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Sore throat \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0199"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0200"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">8.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0201"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0202"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">17.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0203"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.094 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0204"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Shortness of breath \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0205"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0206"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0207"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0208"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">12.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0209"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.026 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0210"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Fever \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0211"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0212"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0213"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0214"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">9.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0215"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">< 0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0216"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">Diarrhea \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0217"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0218"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0219"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0220"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">8.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0221"></a><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="top">0.314 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2705901.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tb2fn1" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Design-based F test." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tb2fn2" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Single or multiple symptoms." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Self-reported COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the past 2 weeks by anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroreactivity, São Paulo City, Brazil, 2020." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec1" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:35 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0001" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "COVID-19 in Latin America: the implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "AJ Rodriguez-Morales" 1 => "V Gallego" 2 => "JP Escalera-Antezana" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Travel Med Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "35" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0002" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Importation and early local transmission of COVID-19 in Brazil, 2020" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "JG Jesus" 1 => "C Sacchi" 2 => "DS Candido" ] 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Assessment of initial SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the most affected districts in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil

Beatriz Helena Tessa,

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beatriz.tess@usp.br

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, Celso Francisco Hernandez Granatob, Maria Cecília Goi Porto Alvesc, Maria Carolina Tostes Pintãob, Marcia Cavallari Nunesd, Edgar Gil Rizzattib, Fernando de Castro Reinache

a Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

b Grupo Fleury, Divisão de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

c Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Instituto de Saúde, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

d Ipec Inteligência em Pesquisa e Consultoria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

e Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica; São Paulo, SP, Brasil

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such as formulation of public policies and control programs&#46; It also underpins communication to the general population about the need for preventive measures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The number of laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 and deaths reported to health authorities have been used as indicators of the extent of the epidemic&#46; However&#44; such data have not reflected the actual infection status in S&#227;o Paulo&#44; or Brazil&#44; due to extremely low testing capacity and the high frequency of asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections which remain undetected&#46; As seroprevalence surveys measure the proportion of the general population who have been infected and have produced anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies&#44; they are useful for evaluating the dimension of the epidemic and to track its dynamic over time&#46; Not only they do assess and monitor the spread of the virus regionally&#44; 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protocol for population-level COVID-19 antibody testing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0007"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The target population was individuals aged 18 years or older on the date of the study visit&#44; residing in permanent private households&#44; located within six administrative districts in the municipality of S&#227;o Paulo&#46; The districts were selected based on official data on the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and suspected or confirmed COVID-19 deaths&#44; released on April 17&#44; 2020&#44; by the Municipal Department of Health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0008"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The three districts with the highest number of confirmed cases per 100&#44;000 inhabitants &#40;Morumbi&#44; Bela Vista&#44; and Jardim Paulista&#41; and the three districts with the highest number of suspected or confirmed deaths per 100&#44;000 inhabitants &#40;Pari&#44; Bel&#233;m&#44; and &#193;gua Rasa&#41; 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2020&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0012">Data collection</span><p id="para0013" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fieldwork teams visited the selected households and invited the randomly selected residents to participate in the study&#46; After signing an informed consent form&#44; participants completed a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and occurrence of COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the preceding two weeks&#46; Questions included sex&#44; age&#44; skin color&#47;race&#44; and educational level measured by years of formal schooling&#46; Self-reported skin color categories followed the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics &#40;IBGE&#41; classification&#58; white&#44; brown&#44; black&#44; Asian&#44; and indigenous&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0009"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Shortly after the interview&#44; 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Shenzhen&#44; China&#41;&#46; These assays were chosen because they were among the first available for use&#46;</p><p id="para0016" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chemiluminescence immunoassays for IgM and IgG detection were developed based on a double-antibody sandwich assay&#46; The recombinant antigens contained the nucleoprotein and a peptide from the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2&#46; The tests were conducted on an automated magnetic chemiluminescence analyzer &#40;Axceed 260&#44; by Bioscience Diagnostics&#44; Tianjin&#44; China&#41; according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions&#46; The antibody titer was tested once per serum sample&#46;</p><p id="para0017" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The performance of chemiluminescence immunoassays has been evaluated in the literature and sensitivity and specificity improve during the progression of infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0011"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#8211;13</span></a> Tweenty days after symptoms onset&#44; sensitivity for IgM is 100&#37; and specificity 94&#46;1&#37; &#44; and sensitivity for IgG is 100&#37; and specificity 99&#46;5&#37; &#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0011"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> To determine the reference values&#44; samples from patients diagnosed with the COVID-19 RT-PCR test and samples from control groups such as blood donors&#44; employees without flu symptoms vaccinated in 2020&#44; patients that tested positive for other non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viruses&#44; and carriers of other infectious diseases were used&#46; After analyzing these samples&#44; we used the following reference values&#58; IgG&#58; reagent &#62;1&#46;1&#160;UA&#47;mL&#44; indeterminate 0&#46;9&#8211;1&#46;1&#160;UA&#47;mL&#44; non-reagent &#60;0&#46;9&#160;UA&#47;mL&#59; and IgM&#58; reagent &#62;1&#46;0&#160;UA&#47;mL&#44; indeterminate 0&#46;7-1&#46;0&#160;UA&#47;mL&#44; non-reagent &#60;0&#46;7&#160;UA&#47;mL&#46;</p><p id="para0018" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In September 2020&#44; a sandwich electrochemiluminescence immunoassay &#40;Elecsys&#174; Anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid total Ab ELISA&#44; Roche Diagnostics&#44; Rotkreuz&#44; Switzerland&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0014"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> became available for serologic testing protocol&#46; This test detects total antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen with a sensitivity of &#62;99&#37; and specificity of 100&#37;&#44; according to the manufacturer&#46; A reactive serum sample &#40;cut-off &#8805;1&#46;0&#41; was considered a positive result&#46;</p><p id="para0019" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 517 individuals agreed to participate in the study &#40;38&#46;5&#37; participation rate&#44; considering non-contacts and refusals&#41; and their serum samples were tested&#44; using the Maglumi assay&#44; shortly after data collection&#46; In September 2020&#44; stored sera of 463 participants were tested with the Roche assay&#44; as 54 samples were not available due to laboratory problems&#46; To evaluate whether this loss was biased in terms of seropositivity&#44; we compared the estimate of seropositivity prevalence of the 463 retested samples measured by Maglumi assay only&#44; with the estimate observed in the 517-sample analysis&#46; Both results were the same&#44; 4&#46;7&#37;&#46; For the current analysis&#44; our study population comprised 463 individuals whose serum samples had been measured using both tests&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0006" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0014">Statistical analysis</span><p id="para0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Seropositivity was the outcome of interest and was defined according to previously set laboratory parameters&#46; Individuals whose sera were reactive to either Maglumi or Roche assays were considered seropositive&#46; Indeterminate results were included as negative in the analyses&#46;</p><p id="para0021" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics consisted of the characterization of the study sample and anti-SARS-CoV-2 prevalence estimates with 95&#37; confidence intervals &#40;CI&#41;&#44; by sociodemographic characteristics&#46; Prevalence ratios were obtained for these characteristics using Poisson multivariate regression models&#46; Frequency distributions of self-reported symptoms were compared between seropositive and seronegative individuals&#46; All estimates were obtained considering the complex aspects of the design&#58; sampling weights adjusted for response rates and post-stratification by age and sex&#44; according to the district population structure in 2020<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0016"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and sampling cluster&#46;</p><p id="para0022" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differences between percentages were assessed by survey-adjusted &#40;Rao Scott correction&#41; chi-square tests&#46; A p-value &#60;0&#46;05 was defined as statistically significant&#46; STATA version 14 &#40;StataCorp&#44; College Station&#44; TX&#44; USA&#41; was used for all statistical analyses&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0007" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0015">Results</span><p id="para0023" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0001">Table 1</a> shows weighted seroprevalence estimates and prevalence ratios by participant characteristics&#46; The overall weighted seroprevalence for SARS-CoV- 2 was 6&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI 3&#46;9&#8211;8&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; based on dual tests on the serum samples of 463 participants living in 299 households&#46; Briefly&#44; 46&#46;6&#37; were male&#44; mean age 47&#46;1 years &#40;range 18-89&#41;&#44; 66&#46;5&#37; self-reported as being white&#44; and 48&#46;8&#37; had a university degree &#40;16 years or more of schooling&#41;&#46; In this sample&#44; 46&#46;6&#37; of the 30 seropositive individuals did not report SARS-CoV-2 compatible symptoms in the preceding two weeks&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0024" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No significant differences in seroprevalence were observed between sexes or age groups&#46; People who reported brown and black skin color showed a 2&#46;7-fold increase in the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies&#44; compared to those with white skin &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;007&#41;&#46; Although participants who reported eight or fewer years of schooling had higher seroprevalence than those who had 16 years or more of education &#40;10&#46;4&#37; vs 5&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; this difference was not statistically significant&#46;</p><p id="para0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The distribution of positive laboratory results by Maglumi IgG&#44; Maglumi IgM&#44; or Roche tests is shown on the Venn diagram in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0001">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; Among the 30 seropositive participants&#44; eight were both Maglumi and Roche reactive&#59; one of the seven IgM positives was also IgG reactive&#46; The combination of the two antibody tests enhanced the detection rate by 28&#37;&#44; from 4&#46;7&#37; using Maglumi only&#44; to 6&#46;0&#37;&#44; using Maglumi and Roche&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0001"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para0026" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Frequencies of self-reported symptoms during the two-week period before the study visit stratified by SARS-CoV-2 seroreactivity are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0002">Table 2</a>&#46; Seropositive individuals were significantly more likely to have experienced symptoms such as fever&#44; shortness of breath&#44; fatigue&#44; myalgia&#44; ageusia&#44; and anosmia than seronegative participants&#46; The most frequently reported symptoms among seropositive participants were fatigue &#40;33&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; rhinorrhea &#40;31&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; myalgia &#40;28&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; and ageusia &#40;26&#37;&#41;&#46; None of the participants reported previous diagnoses of infection&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0002"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0008" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0016">Discussion</span><p id="para0027" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study estimated an overall weighted prevalence of antibodies against SARS- CoV-2 of 6&#37; in a representative sample of residents of the six most affected districts in S&#227;o Paulo city&#44; in the initial phase of the pandemic&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 10 weeks after the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed&#46; Combining two tests&#44; Maglumi and Roche&#44; resulted in a 28&#37; improvement in sensitivity&#44; thus a more accurate seroprevalence estimate&#46; Differences in the isotypes of antibodies&#44; in the composition of viral antigens and in the technology may partially explain this finding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0018"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="para0028" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the time of the current study&#44; two other seroprevalence studies were performed in the city of S&#227;o Paulo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> and although there were differences in the methodolog&#44; their estimates are similar to ours&#46; One&#44; based on an 826-convenience sample of blood donors and using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG chemiluminescence assay &#40;Abbott&#44; Chicago&#44; USA&#41; reported a weighted prevalence of 5&#46;1&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI 3&#46;4&#8211;7&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> The other was part of a nationwide population-based serosurvey and&#44; in S&#227;o Paulo&#44; it was based on 212 participants&#46; The authors found a seroprevalence of 3&#46;3&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI 1&#46;3&#8211;6&#46;7&#37;&#41; using a rapid capillary blood test &#40;Wondfo Biotech One step COVID-19&#44; Guangzhou&#44; China&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Their study probably underestimated the true SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence due to use of lateral flow immunoassays that have lower sensitivity than fully automated assays such as those used in both our study and the blood donors&#8217;&#160;study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0017"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0021"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0022"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Our estimate might reflect the upper limit of the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the city considering that we studied the districts with the highest number of cases and deaths at the time the pandemics started in S&#227;o Paulo&#46;</p><p id="para0029" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few other studies in Brazil estimated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the general population based on household surveys or blood donors around the period of our data collection&#46; In Espirito Santo&#44; in the Southeast region&#44; the estimate was 2&#46;1&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI 1&#46;7&#8211;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0023"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> in Rio Grande do Sul&#44; in the South&#44; 0&#46;2&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI 0&#46;4&#8211;2&#46;0&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0024"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> and in Manaus&#44; in the North&#44; 37&#46;4&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI 33&#8211;42&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0019"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> These prevalence rates&#44; as well as the results of our study&#44; may not be easily compared because they represent distinct moments of the pandemic in specific locations&#46; Moreover&#44; the use of different laboratory tests&#44; different characteristics of the populations&#44; and different study designs might be responsible for the observed prevalence heterogeneity&#46;</p><p id="para0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Also&#44; in April and May 2020&#44; seroprevalence population-based surveys were performed in several other countries&#46; The seropositivity rates were 10&#46;8&#37; in Geneva &#40;Switzerland&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> 4&#46;6&#37; in Spain&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> 14&#37; in New York State &#40;USA&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0027"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> and 0&#46;9&#37; in Iceland&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0028"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> A modeling study estimated that 4&#46;4&#37; of the French population had been infected as of May 2020&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0029"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> As discussed before&#44; the heterogeneity in prevalence estimates may be explained by the substantial differences between studies in terms of laboratory testing methods and sampling strategies&#44; making comparisons difficult&#46; Additionally&#44; countries and regions faced different stages of the epidemic at different times and seroprevalence estimates not only change over time&#44; but also vary according to adherence to a reduction of social proximity&#44; home quarantine&#44; and to the overall behavior of the population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="para0031" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Besides assessing the magnitude of cumulative infections in the chosen areas of S&#227;o Paulo city&#44; we looked at possible associations between sociodemographic factors and SARS-CoV-2 seroreactivity&#46; No difference in seroprevalence was found between male and female participants&#59; likewise&#44; several reports indicated that seroprevalence is not significantly associated with sex&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Prevalence rates were similar amongst age groups&#44; in line with findings reported in a meta-analysis study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> The infection rate was lower among participants with white skin than those with black and brown skin color&#44; as also found in the Brazilian nationwide survey<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> and in other international studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0031"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence depends on isolation adherence&#44; which in turn&#44; varies according to multiple socioeconomic aspects such as employment&#44; transportation&#44; income&#44; housing&#44; population density&#44; health&#44; and education&#46; Inequality and exposure to poverty are historically related to race and black and brown skin color in Brazil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> and the concept of poverty-related diseases might apply to COVID-19&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0032"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a></p><p id="para0032" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous reports have linked SARS-CoV-2 infections with no or minor symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0033"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33-35</span></a> In our study&#44; 46&#46;6&#37; of seropositive individuals reported no symptoms during the two weeks before the study visit&#46; In line with findings from other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0026"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> several SARS-CoV-2 compatible symptoms such as anosmia&#44; ageusia&#44; fatigue&#44; myalgia&#44; shortness of breath&#44; and fever were significantly associated with seropositivity&#46; It is noteworthy that SARS-CoV-2 compatible clinical symptoms and signs of mild infections remain poorly documented in Brazil&#46;</p><p id="para0033" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An accurate estimate of the number of infected people requires an accurate measure of both documented and undocumented infections&#46; The strengths of the current research are that it is the first household population-based serosurvey in Brazil to assess the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins based on two validated&#44; fully automated sensitive tests&#44; the Maglumi and Roche immunoassays&#46; These tests&#44; together with the probabilistic sampling design&#44; provided a clear picture of the extent of human exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in the studied regions&#46; Also&#44; although we have only surveyed six districts in the city&#44; the sample is truly representative of the adult general population and reflects the heterogeneity in susceptibility or exposure to infection across population groups&#46;</p><p id="para0034" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has some limitations&#46; First&#44; due to its cross-sectional design&#44; causal associations cannot be established&#46; Second&#44; refusal bias may have been introduced as a result of non-response which occurred mainly due to non-cooperation by the managers of some residential blocks and residents&#8217; unwillingness to donate blood&#46; Third&#44; we have not included children or young people under 18 years due to logistic restrictions&#46; Fourth&#44; the statistical power may have been insufficient to detect differences between subgroups&#44; such as education level&#46; Last&#44; the generalizability of the results of this study is somewhat limited as we only included six districts in S&#227;o Paulo city at the beginning of the pandemic in the region&#46; However&#44; we believe that these issues have not affected our findings significantly&#44; considering that they may have led to underestimation and overestimation&#44; counterbalancing their effects on the prevalence estimates&#46;</p><p id="para0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; this study represents the first assessment of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the city of S&#227;o Paulo&#44; providing a baseline estimate&#46; The low prevalence of 6&#37; indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic was in its early phase&#44; meaning that most of the population was susceptible to infection&#46; This is the initial study of a series of consecutive household population-based seroprevalence surveys of adults aged 18 years or older in the municipality of S&#227;o Paulo&#46; The ongoing surveys use a similar methodology and testing strategy&#44; based on random selection of households each time&#46; Monitoring the progress of the pandemic throughout the entire city is an essential strategy to inform transmission control decisions and to appraise and update the vaccination plan for S&#227;o Paulo city&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abss0001" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0002">Background</span><p id="spara007" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">S&#227;o Paulo city has been one of the regions most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil&#46; Frequent asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic infections and poor access to diagnostic tests make serosurveys crucial to monitor the magnitude of the epidemic and to inform public health policies&#44; such as vaccination plans&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0002" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0003">Objectives</span><p id="spara008" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To estimate&#44; early in the epidemic&#44; the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in adults living in the six most affected districts in S&#227;o Paulo city&#44; and to assess potential associated risk factors&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0003" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0004">Methods</span><p id="spara009" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a cross-sectional population-based survey of 1&#44;152 households randomly selected from 72 census tracts&#46; During the period May 4&#8211;12&#44; 2020&#44; 463 participants completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and history of symptoms in the past two weeks&#44; and provided a blood sample&#46; Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was the outcome of interest and was estimated based on results of two immunoassays&#44; Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence assay Immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41; M &#40;IgM&#41; and IgG&#44; and Roche electrochemiluminescence assay total Ig&#46; Serum samples reactive to either assay were considered positive&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0004" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0005">Results</span><p id="spara010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Weighted overall seroprevalence was 6&#37; &#40;95&#37;CI 3&#46;9&#8211;8&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; No association was observed between seropositivity and sex&#44; age group or education level&#46; Participants who reported black and brown skin color showed a 2&#46;7 fold higher prevalence than people with white skin &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;007&#41;&#46; Among the 30 seropositive individuals&#44; 14 &#40;46&#46;6&#37;&#41; reported no COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the past two weeks&#46;</p></span> <span id="abss0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cesectitle0006">Conclusion</span><p id="spara011" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study represents the first assessment of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the city of S&#227;o Paulo and 6&#37; is the baseline estimate of a series of population-based seroprevalence surveys&#46; Serological screening using sound serological assays is the key tool to monitoring temporal and geographic changes in the spread of the virus through an important epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil&#46; Ultimately&#44; it may inform prevention and control efforts&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spara001" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Concordance &#40;overlap area&#41; of anti-SARS-CoV-2 reactivity between Maglumi IgG&#44; Maglumi IgM and Roche in all seropositive participants &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;30&#41;&#46; Maglumi IgM&#44; Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence assay Immunoglobulin M &#40;IgM&#41;&#59; Maglumi IgG&#44; Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence assay Immunoglobulin G &#40;IgG&#41;&#59; Roche&#44; Elecsys&#174; Anti-SARS-CoV-2 electrochemiluminescence assay total immunoglobulin &#40;Ig&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0001"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic</th><a name="en0002"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Participants</th><a name="en0003"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence</th><a name="en0004"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prevalence ratio<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb1fn1"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></th><a name="en0005"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P-value<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb1fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0007"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0008"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weighted &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0009"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weighted &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0010"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37;CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0013"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Overall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0014"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">463&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0015"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0016"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0017"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;9&#8211;8&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0018"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0019"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0020"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0021"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0022"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0023"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0024"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0025"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0026"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0027"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0028"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">214&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0029"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">46&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0030"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0031"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;7&#8211;11&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0032"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0033"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0034"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0035"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">249&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0036"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">53&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0037"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0038"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;2&#8211;7&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0039"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0040"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;239&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0041"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Age group &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0042"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0043"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0044"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0045"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0046"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0047"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0048"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60; 40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0049"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">195&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0050"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">37&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0051"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0052"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;9&#8211;13&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0053"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0054"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0055"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40 &#8211; 59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0056"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">155&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0057"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">36&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0058"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0059"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;1&#8211;8&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0060"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0061"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;190&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0062"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805; 60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0063"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0064"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">26&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0065"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0066"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;2&#8211;6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0067"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0068"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;160&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0069"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Self-reported skin color&#47;race<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb1fn3"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0070"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0071"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0072"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0073"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0074"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0075"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0076"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>White&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0077"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">302&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0078"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">66&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0079"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0080"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;0&#8211;5&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0081"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0082"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0083"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Brown and black&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0084"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">130&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0085"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">28&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0086"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">11&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0087"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;7&#8211;16&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0088"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0089"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0090"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Asian and indigenous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0091"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0092"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0093"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0094"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&#46;0&#8211;18&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0095"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0096"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;679&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0097"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Schooling &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0098"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0099"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0100"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0101"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0102"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0103"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0104"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804; 8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0105"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0106"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">10&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0107"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">10&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0108"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;7 &#8211; 20&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0109"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0110"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0111"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9 - 15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0112"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">194&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0113"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">40&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0114"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0115"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;4&#8211;8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0116"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0117"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;285&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0118"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805; 16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0119"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">219&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0120"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">48&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0121"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0122"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;0&#8211;9&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0123"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0124"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;325&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0125"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">COVID-19 compatible symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0126"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0127"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0128"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0129"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0130"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0131"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0132"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0133"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">319&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0134"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">70&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0135"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0136"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;2&#8211;5&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0137"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0138"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0139"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes &#40;any&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb1fn4"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0140"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">144&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0141"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">30&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0142"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">10&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0143"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;7&#8211;16&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0144"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0145"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#8804; 0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spara002" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence and prevalence ratios of SARS-CoV-2 by sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported COVID-19 compatible symptoms&#44; S&#227;o Paulo City&#44; Brazil&#44; 2020&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0146"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">COVID-19 compatible symptoms</th><a name="en0147"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seronegative &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;433&#41;</th><a name="en0148"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seropositive &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;30&#41;</th><a name="en0149"></a><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb2fn1"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0151"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weighted &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><a name="en0154"></a><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Weighted &#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0156"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Any symptom<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tb2fn2"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0157"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">128&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0158"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">28&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0159"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0160"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">53&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0161"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0162"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Fatigue&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0163"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0164"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0165"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0166"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">33&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0167"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60; 0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0168"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Rhinorrhea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0169"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0170"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0171"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0172"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">31&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0173"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;121&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0174"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Myalgia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0175"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0176"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">6&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0177"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0178"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">28&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0179"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60; 0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0180"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Ageusia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0182"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0183"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0184"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">26&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0185"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60; 0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0186"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Cough&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0187"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0188"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">15&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0189"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0190"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">22&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0191"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;278&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0192"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Anosmia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0193"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0194"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">2&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0195"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0196"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">21&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0197"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">&#60; 0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0198"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Sore throat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0199"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0200"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0201"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0202"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">17&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;094&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0204"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Shortness of breath&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0205"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0206"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0207"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0208"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">12&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0209"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;026&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0210"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Fever&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0211"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0213"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0214"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">9&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0215"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><a name="en0216"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">Diarrhea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0217"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">5&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0219"></a><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><a name="en0220"></a><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">8&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="top">0&#46;314&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "COVID-19 in Latin America&#58; the implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "AJ Rodriguez-Morales"
                            1 => "V Gallego"
                            2 => "JP Escalera-Antezana"
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                      ]
                    ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Travel Med Infect Dis"
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                        "volumen" => "35"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Importation and early local transmission of COVID-19 in Brazil&#44; 2020"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "JG Jesus"
                            1 => "C Sacchi"
                            2 => "DS Candido"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:4 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Inst Med Trop S&#227;o Paulo"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "62"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e30"
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                    ]
                  ]
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                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Brasil&#46; Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de&#46; Secretaria de Vigil&#226;ncia em Sa&#250;de&#46; Centro de Opera&#231;&#245;es de Emerg&#234;ncia em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Doen&#231;a pelo Coronav&#237;rus 2019 &#40;COE-COVID-19&#41;&#46; Boletim Epidemiol&#243;gico Especial no 17&#46; Available fromhttps&#58;&#47;&#47;antigo&#46;saude&#46;gov&#46;br&#47;images&#47;pdf&#47;2020&#47;May&#47;29&#47;2020-05-25&#8212;BEE17&#8212;Boletim-do-COE&#46;pdf&#46; Accessed 10 February 2021&#46;"
                ]
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0004"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
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                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Prefeitura do Munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de&#46; COVID-19 Relat&#243;rio Situacional&#46; 29 de maio de 2020 &#91;Portuguese&#93;&#46; Available from <a target="_blank" href="https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/upload/saude/COVID19_Relatorio_SItuacional_SMS_20200529.pdf">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;prefeitura&#46;sp&#46;gov&#46;br&#47;cidade&#47;secretarias&#47;upload&#47;saude&#47;COVID19&#95;Relatorio&#95;SItuacional&#95;SMS&#95;20200529&#46;pdf</a>&#46; Accessed 10 February 2021&#46;"
                ]
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Accurate statistics on COVID-19 are essential for policy guidance and decisions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "N Pearce"
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                            2 => "TJ VanderWeele"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2105/AJPH.2020.305708"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Public Health"
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                      "titulo" => "The paramount importance of serological surveys of SARS-CoV- 2 infection and immunity"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
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                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10654-020-00635-2"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Epidemiol"
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                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Population-based age-stratified seroepidemiological investigation protocol for COVID-19 virus infection&#46; Available from <a target="_blank" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331656/WHO-2019-nCoV-Seroepidemiology-2020.1-eng.pdf">https&#58;&#47;&#47;apps&#46;who&#46;int&#47;iris&#47;bitstream&#47;handle&#47;10665&#47;331656&#47;WHO-2019-nCoV-Seroepidemiology-2020&#46;1-eng&#46;pdf</a>&#46; Accessed 26 May 2021&#46;"
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            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0008"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Prefeitura do Munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de&#46; Boletim Semanal no 2 &#40;vers&#227;o revisada&#41;&#46; 17 de abril de 2020 &#91;Portuguese&#93;&#46; Available from <a target="_blank" href="https://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/upload/saude/PMSP_SMS_COVID19_Boletim%20Semanal_20200417_atualizado.pdf">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;prefeitura&#46;sp&#46;gov&#46;br&#47;cidade&#47;secretarias&#47;upload&#47;saude&#47;PMSP&#95;SMS&#95;COVID19&#95;Boletim&#37;20Semanal&#95;20200417&#95;atualizado&#46;pdf</a>&#46; Accessed 10 February 2021&#46;"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Proje&#231;&#245;es da Popula&#231;&#227;o"
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                          "colaboracion" => "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica &#40;IBGE&#41;"
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                        "link" => "https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ibge&#46;gov&#46;br&#47;estatisticas&#47;sociais&#47;populacao&#47;9109-projecao-da-populacao&#46;html&#63;&#61;&#38;t&#61;resultados"
                      ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The concept and measurement of race and their relationship to public health&#58; a review focused on Brazil and the United States"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C Travassos"
                            1 => "DR&#46; Williams"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1590/s0102-311x2004000300003"
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Article information

ISSN: 14138670
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101604

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	22	39	61
2024 September	48	34	82
2024 August	65	30	95
2024 July	72	45	117
2024 June	57	37	94
2024 May	49	26	75
2024 April	61	35	96
2024 March	54	29	83
2024 February	42	25	67
2024 January	38	21	59
2023 December	54	44	98
2023 November	71	47	118
2023 October	60	44	104
2023 September	54	54	108
2023 August	30	26	56
2023 July	39	26	65
2023 June	40	19	59
2023 May	59	35	94
2023 April	55	33	88
2023 March	93	35	128
2023 February	68	28	96
2023 January	49	39	88
2022 December	110	51	161
2022 November	83	51	134
2022 October	103	66	169
2022 September	51	53	104
2022 August	52	53	105
2022 July	40	41	81
2022 June	53	53	106
2022 May	37	28	65
2022 April	44	45	89
2022 March	44	47	91
2022 February	39	44	83
2022 January	64	49	113
2021 December	77	58	135
2021 November	71	47	118
2021 October	101	77	178
2021 September	110	79	189
2021 August	41	34	75

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