After the pandemic: the role of science in the future of the countries
Ricardo Palaciosa,
, Dimas Tadeu Covasa,b, Luiz Carlos Pereira Júniorc, Sergio Cimermanc,d
Corresponding author
a Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
b Center for Cell-based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
c Institute of Infectious Diseases Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
d Brazilian Society for Infectious Diseases, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Caurio, Odelta S. Allende, Roger Kist, Izadora C.S. Vasconcellos, Francieli P. Rozales, Maikel Reck-Kortmann, Daiane F. Dalla Lana, Ana Paula Alegretti, Giácomo B. Neto, Alessandro C. Pasqualotto" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cássia F.B." "apellidos" => "Caurio" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Odelta S." "apellidos" => "Allende" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Roger" "apellidos" => "Kist" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Izadora C.S." "apellidos" => "Vasconcellos" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francieli P." "apellidos" => "Rozales" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maikel" "apellidos" => "Reck-Kortmann" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Daiane F." "apellidos" => "Dalla Lana" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Paula" "apellidos" => "Alegretti" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Giácomo B." "apellidos" => "Neto" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alessandro C." "apellidos" => "Pasqualotto" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1413867020300544?idApp=UINPBA00003Y" "url" => "/14138670/0000002400000003/v2_202008150754/S1413867020300544/v2_202008150754/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "After the pandemic: the role of science in the future of the countries" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "189" "paginaFinal" => "190" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Ricardo Palacios, Dimas Tadeu Covas, Luiz Carlos Pereira Júnior, Sergio Cimerman" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Ricardo" "apellidos" => "Palacios" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ricardo.palacios@butantan.gov.br" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Dimas Tadeu" "apellidos" => "Covas" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Luiz Carlos Pereira" "apellidos" => "Júnior" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sergio" "apellidos" => "Cimerman" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Center for Cell-based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Institute of Infectious Diseases Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Brazilian Society for Infectious Diseases, São Paulo, SP, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Investments to decrease the impact of unexpected occurrences are often imposed by tragedies. We use seat belts in cars and other vehicles after several lost lives. It is a common understanding that such devices have a cost but are necessary expenses. Analogously, communities pay firefighters, military and security forces that have large amounts of people and resources to be ready to answer any call. In between, training and continuous improvement are required as well as planning for preventive actions. Again, societies accept the costs and will hardly agree on any cut on these areas fearing being unprotected.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast, scientific activities have suffered continuous lack of investment in several countries, besides its reduced impact in overall public accounts. Science is one of the usual targets in any public budget cut proposal. Furthermore, requests of scientific advisory by lawmakers or elected officers are not usual as compared with other areas, i.e. those related to the economy.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suddenly, any emerging or reemerging disease appears on the horizon. Societies call back the scientists and expect from them to provide a rapid response. Since the issuing of the new International Health Regulations in 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared six Public Health Emergencies of International Concern. Three of them in the last five years, two of those, Zika and COVID-19, causing a heavy impact in Latin America and particularly in Brazil. Probably, it is time to learn the lesson.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the 2014 Ebola outbreak, some changes at thee international level occurred. The creation of the WHO R&D Blueprint to forecast possible new emergencies and determine route maps for action was one of them<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>. The foundation of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI), a new international actor focused in foster initiatives to respond to potential emerging infectious disease, was the other significant change<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>. Both initiatives are part of an evolving mindset from a pure reactive to a more proactive attitude.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the two most advanced projects for a vaccine are ready to start phase III clinical trials in Brazil in less than seven months after the identification of the new pathogen. That amazing acceleration is not by chance, but because both groups inherited trajectories from previous projects on coronavirus vaccines. By the time of the pandemic, The Jenner Institute in Oxford, supported by CEPI, was already working in a MERS-CoV vaccine that was tested in a phase I clinical trial in 2018<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>. In the case of Sinovac, the process used in the current pandemic is analogous to the one for the SARS-CoV-1 vaccine that reached phase I clinical trial in 2004<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>. Then, those efforts, largely unknown until recently, are currently the hope of the public. Collaboration between scientists to relieve the suffering has not stopped despite political disputes or geopolitical biases. Brazilian scientists are now taking a leading role in the definitive tests of the vaccines with the confidence of enabling access to protect our people.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After this pandemic is controlled, countries have to decide whether science should be a strong actor of the society as part of the preparedness and prevention of upcoming emergencies or just wait to the next one and react with weakened forces. Science is not only one of the more powerful drivers of economic strength, but also is one of the finest manifestations of humanity. The relation of each country with science might define which one will have a better chance to face the future.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The need for global R&D coordination for infectious diseases with epidemic potential" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M.P. Kieny" 1 => "J.-A. Rottingen" 2 => "Farrar" 3 => "WHO R&D Blueprint team, R&D Blueprint Scientific Advisory Group" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet (London, England)" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "388" "numero" => "10043" "paginaInicial" => "460" "paginaFinal" => "461" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "CEPI-a new global R&D organisation for epidemic preparedness and response" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "B. Brende" 1 => "J. Farrar" 2 => "D. Gashumba" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet (London, England)." "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "389" "numero" => "10066" "paginaInicial" => "233" "paginaFinal" => "235" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus viral-vectored vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, uncontrolled, phase 1 trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P.M. Folegatti" 1 => "M. Bittaye" 2 => "A. Flaxman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30160-2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Infect Dis." "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "816" "paginaFinal" => "826" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32325038" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Safety and immunogenicity from a phase I trial of inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J.-T. Lin" 1 => "J.-S. Zhang" 2 => "N. Su" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Antivir Ther." "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "1107" "paginaFinal" => "1113" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18018769" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/14138670/0000002400000003/v2_202008150754/S1413867020300854/v2_202008150754/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "10855" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Editorial" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/14138670/0000002400000003/v2_202008150754/S1413867020300854/v2_202008150754/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00003Y&text.app=https://bjid.org.br/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1413867020300854?idApp=UINPBA00003Y" ]
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