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Will environmental changes in temperature affect the course of COVID-19?
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"tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "261" "paginaFinal" => "263" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Carlos Del Rio, Adrián Camacho-Ortiz" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Del Rio" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Adrián" "apellidos" => "Camacho-Ortiz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "acamacho_md@yahoo.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Department of Hospital Epidemiology, Monterrey N.L., Mexico" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently more than 60 countries have been affected and almost 100,000 cases worldwide have been reported since the beginning of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) outbreak.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> SARS-CoV-2 (taxonomic name of the virus causing COVID-19) has shown diverse disease severity, raging from asymptomatic to acute respiratory disease syndrome with a 1.4–2.3% mortality rate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While the outbreak has reached every region of the world except Antarctica, it is undeniable that countries in the southern hemisphere seem to be less affected, and were there have been cases reported the majority have been imported and travel related.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> There has been speculation that as temperatures increase with Spring and Summer in the Northern Hemisphere there will be an associated decline in the number of cases. If true, this gives hope to the regions where Spring is starting soon, but also should cause concern in the southern hemisphere were Autumn is to begin.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We sought to analyze the climate temperature from various regions according to their current ongoing human-to-human transmission (OHHT) status. We studied 3 groups; Group 1, 10 provinces from China with majority of COVID-19 cases since December 31, 2019 through February 29, 2020 (92.2% of the total cases in China): Hubei, Guangdong, Henan, Hunan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hebei, Zhejiang, and Anhui. Group 2, areas where continuous horizontal transmission outside of China had been reported: Italy (Lombardo and Veneto), South Korea (Daegu, Gyeongbuk, Gyeonggi), and Iran (Theran Qom, Gilan); and group 3, areas where imported cases had been detected and no horizontal transmission had been documented after at least seven days since the first case was reported: Philippines (Tagbilaran and Manila), Belgium (Brussels), Findland (Rovaniemi), Egypt (Cairo), and Australia (Melburne, Sidney and Brisbane).</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Daily registered maximum and minimal ambient temperatures were obtained from the Weather Channel website (<a href="https://weather.com/"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">https://weather.com/</span></a>) from all studied regions, using their biggest metropolitan area as reference. For comparison of mean maximum and minimum temperatures Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> test or Mann–Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test were performed.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The regions without OHHT showed significantly higher temperatures when compared to China and countries with OHHT, with over a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C difference. The regions with OHHT had the lowest temperatures such as China and other regions of group 2. For countries without OHHT the average temperature was 8.32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C higher compared to the other groups (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The average rainfall during the study period was significantly higher in those regions without OHHT when compared to the Chinese provinces with OHHT (>97.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm more rainfall) and the regions with active transmission of SARS- CoV-2 (>43.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm more rainfall).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been described that temperatures and environmental factors contribute to the survival of different coronavirus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Studies have found that low temperatures and dry conditions favor MERS-CoV survival and dissemination; nevertheless, Altamimi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> found that high temperatures, coupled with high ultraviolet index, low wind speeds, and low relative humidity were contributors to increased MERS-CoV cases.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Slight differences in temperature have a significant impact on MERS CoV and SARS CoV survival in the environment. Otter et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> compiled various studies addressing the survival of respiratory viruses on surfaces and showed that slight differences in temperature and relative humidity reduce or enhance viability; some of these variations were similar to those found in our analysis.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although temperature and humidity changes in the environment can potentially affect the behavior of SARS-CoV-2 in a community. These are factors that can be easily adjusted in the hospital setting, so that some of the extremes in temperature and relative humidity may not apply in the hospital.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To further complicate the analysis, environmental climate changes may not favor respiratory virus pandemics as expected, the initial cases of influenza A H1N1 2009 started at the end of the regular influenza season in Mexico (March–April 2009) and went on to have an enormous impact during the following summer months.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our selection criteria for the regions tried to compensate the variations that many countries have in detection practices and resources for this purpose as well as the possibility of under reporting that may limit the extent our findings. In conclusion, there were statistically significant differences among regions with OHHT of COVID-19 cases compared to those regions without horizontal transmission. This phenomenon could have implications in the behavior of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak in the following months.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1375021" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1263099" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 3 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-03-23" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-04-17" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1263099" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Coronavirus" 1 => "COVID-19" 2 => "Temperature" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">While the outbreak has reached every region of the world, it is undeniable that countries in the southern hemisphere seem to be less affected, where cases have been reported, these have been imported and travel related. We analyzed the climate temperature from various regions according to their current ongoing human-to-human transmission status. We studied 3 groups; Group 1, 10 provinces from China with majority of COVID-19 cases; Group 2, areas where continuous horizontal transmission outside of China had been reported; and group 3, areas where imported cases had been detected and no horizontal transmission had been documented after at least seven days since the first case was reported. The regions without ongoing human-to-human transmission showed significantly higher temperatures when compared to China and countries with ongoing human-to-human transmission, with over an 11-degree difference. The average rainfall during the study period was significantly higher in those regions without OHHT when compared to the Chinese provinces with ongoing human-to-human transmission and the regions with active transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings show statistically significant differences between regions with ongoing human-to-human transmission of COVID-19 cases compared to those regions without horizontal transmission. This phenomenon could have implications in the behavior of the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak in the following months.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Provinces from China \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Regions with ongoing human to human transmission \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P vs China \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Regions without ongoing human to human transmission \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P vs China \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean high temperature (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.66 (±7.92) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.42 (±4.17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.50 (±11.68) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean low temperature (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.52 (±8.90) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.86 (±4.06) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.62 <span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">(</span>±11.19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Average temperature (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.74 (±9.52) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.14 (±5.94) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.06 (±11.94) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Average rainfall (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.62 (±20.70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">74.29 (±44.38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">117.82 (±117.04) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2361036.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of temperature and rainfall among the different regions.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report – 43: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200303-sitrep-43-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=2c21c09c_2">https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200303-sitrep-43-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=2c21c09c_2</a> [last accessed 03.03.20]." ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Z. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 17 | 19 | 36 |
| 2024 September | 49 | 59 | 108 |
| 2024 August | 52 | 50 | 102 |
| 2024 July | 55 | 49 | 104 |
| 2024 June | 49 | 35 | 84 |
| 2024 May | 38 | 28 | 66 |
| 2024 April | 95 | 35 | 130 |
| 2024 March | 53 | 39 | 92 |
| 2024 February | 46 | 31 | 77 |
| 2024 January | 613 | 31 | 644 |
| 2023 December | 36 | 48 | 84 |
| 2023 November | 50 | 51 | 101 |
| 2023 October | 44 | 35 | 79 |
| 2023 September | 38 | 53 | 91 |
| 2023 August | 28 | 29 | 57 |
| 2023 July | 41 | 26 | 67 |
| 2023 June | 36 | 22 | 58 |
| 2023 May | 45 | 19 | 64 |
| 2023 April | 31 | 19 | 50 |
| 2023 March | 52 | 33 | 85 |
| 2023 February | 46 | 22 | 68 |
| 2023 January | 31 | 15 | 46 |
| 2022 December | 50 | 28 | 78 |
| 2022 November | 51 | 37 | 88 |
| 2022 October | 53 | 32 | 85 |
| 2022 September | 36 | 48 | 84 |
| 2022 August | 41 | 47 | 88 |
| 2022 July | 35 | 36 | 71 |
| 2022 June | 34 | 38 | 72 |
| 2022 May | 26 | 33 | 59 |
| 2022 April | 42 | 40 | 82 |
| 2022 March | 35 | 46 | 81 |
| 2022 February | 50 | 40 | 90 |
| 2022 January | 49 | 45 | 94 |
| 2021 December | 41 | 45 | 86 |
| 2021 November | 28 | 36 | 64 |
| 2021 October | 36 | 56 | 92 |
| 2021 September | 42 | 45 | 87 |
| 2021 August | 34 | 47 | 81 |
| 2021 July | 22 | 30 | 52 |
| 2021 June | 36 | 37 | 73 |
| 2021 May | 58 | 63 | 121 |
| 2021 April | 99 | 112 | 211 |
| 2021 March | 57 | 35 | 92 |
| 2021 February | 38 | 22 | 60 |
| 2021 January | 55 | 37 | 92 |
| 2020 December | 56 | 29 | 85 |
| 2020 November | 60 | 26 | 86 |
| 2020 October | 44 | 36 | 80 |
| 2020 September | 99 | 54 | 153 |
| 2020 August | 220 | 73 | 293 |
| 2020 July | 254 | 77 | 331 |
| 2020 June | 88 | 46 | 134 |
| 2020 May | 153 | 70 | 223 |
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