May - June 2026 | The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

Insights of bacterial community structure and occurrence of antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial compounds in an urban stream in the megacity of São Paulo, Brazil

Nazareno Scaccia, Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini, Gabrielly Lacerda de Aragão, Joyce Vanessa da Silva Fonseca, Nilo José Coelho Duarte, Léonard de Vinci Kanda Kupa, Jonathan Cawettiere Espíndola, Ester Cerdeira Sabino, ... Silvia Figueiredo Costa

Braz J Infect Dis. 2026;30: 105818

Highlights

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Urban streams are heavily impacted by slum untreated sewage.
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Polluted urban waterways accelerate the dispersion of antibiotic resistance.
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Co-occurrence of antimicrobials, resistant bacteria and resistance genes is alarming.
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Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens showed high chlorhexidine MICs.
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Stream bacterial community shows fecal and antibiotic bacterial family’s indicator.

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Hospitalization costs of patients with severe acute respiratory infections due to COVID-19 in a public teaching hospital: a micro-costing approach

Ana Carolina Esteves da Silva Pereira, Luciana G. Gallo, Ana Flávia de M. Oliveira, Maria Regina F. de Oliveira, Emanuelly Martins da Silva, Henry M. Peixoto

Braz J Infect Dis. 2026;30: 105819

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Review articles

Immune exhaustion in bacterial infections: mechanisms, consequences, and therapeutic implications

Saeed Hemati, Zeinab Mohsenipour

Braz J Infect Dis. 2026;30: 105809

Highlights

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Bacterial pathogens can drive immune exhaustion, a concept traditionally studied in viral and oncologic contexts but increasingly recognized in chronic bacterial infections.
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Biofilms, immune-privileged niches, and regulatory T-cell expansion are major contributors to persistent immune dysfunction, creating barriers to effective immune responses.
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Immune exhaustion exacerbates secondary infections, antibiotic resistance, and microbiome dysbiosis, underscoring its broader impact beyond direct bacterial persistence.
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Targeting exhaustion pathways through immune checkpoint blockade, metabolic reprogramming, and microbiome modulation offers promising therapeutic strategies beyond conventional antimicrobial approaches.

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Tri-layer microbiology for LMIC Hospitals: linking syndromic panels with reflex culture and targeted sequencing for real world care - a narrative review

Tokeshwar Kumar Sahu, Jaishriram Rathored, Praful Patil

Braz J Infect Dis. 2026;30: 105808

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