Journal Information
Vol. 22. Issue 4.
Pages 311-316 (July - August 2018)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Visits
4033
Vol. 22. Issue 4.
Pages 311-316 (July - August 2018)
Original article
Open Access
Helicobacter pylori eradication: influence of interleukin-1beta –31 C/T polymorphism
Visits
4033
Tássia Flores Recha, Luiz Edmundo Mazzolenib, Felipe Mazzolenib, Carlos Fernando de Magalhães Francesconib, Guilherme Becker Sanderb, Rafael Tomoya Michitaa, Débora Dreher Nabingera, Tobias Cancian Milbradtb, Ronaldo João Spinato Torresinib, Daniel Simona,
Corresponding author
daniel.simon@ulbra.br

Corresponding author.
a Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Canoas, RS, Brazil
b Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Gastroenterologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Abstract
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (1)
Tables (2)
Table 1. Demographic and endoscopic characteristics of 148 patients with functional dyspepsia.
Table 2. Genotype frequencies of the IL1B –31 C/T polymorphism and the outcome of H. pylori eradication therapy.
Show moreShow less
Abstract
Aim

To analyze the influence of the –31 C/T polymorphism of the interleukin-1β gene on Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy success in patients with functional dyspepsia.

Methods

Functional dyspepsia was diagnosed according to the Rome III criteria. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and gastric biopsies were obtained at screening and 12 months after randomization (last follow-up visit). Urease test and histological examination were performed to define the H. pylori status. Patients received twice-daily amoxicillin, clarithromycin and omeprazole for 10 days. Genotyping of the interleukin-1beta –31 C/T polymorphism (rs1143627) was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results

One hundred forty-nine patients received treatment with triple therapy for H. pylori eradication. Only one patient was lost to follow-up, and adherence to study medication was 94.6%. A total of 148 patients (mean age 46.08 ± 12.24 years; 81.8% women) were evaluated for the influence of the interleukin-1beta –31 C/T polymorphism on the outcome of H. pylori eradication therapy. After treatment, bacteria were eradicated in 87% of patients (129/148). Genotype frequencies of the polymorphism were as follows: CC, 38/148 (25.7%); CT, 71/148 (47.9%); and TT, 39/148 (26.4%). Successful eradication rate was 78.9%, 94.4% and 82.1% for the CC, CT and TT genotypes, respectively. The CT genotype was significantly associated with successful H. pylori eradication (p = 0.039).

Conclusion

This study suggests that the CT genotype of the interleukin-1beta –31 C/T polymorphism plays a role in the successful eradication of H. pylori among patients with functional dyspepsia.

Keywords:
Helicobacter pylori
Dyspepsia
Interleukin-1beta
Polymorphism
Inflammation
Full Text
Introduction

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium present in the stomach of half of the world’s population, with prevalence rates varying widely between different geographic locations.1–3 Higher prevalence rates have been reported in Latin American countries (75–83%),2,4,5 whereas rates of 40% and 17% have been observed in Japan and the United States, respectively.2,4 Prevalence of H. pylori infection can also vary within a geographical region; for example, in Uganda prevalence rates ranging from 18% to 60% have been found.6,7

Although up to 80% of H. pylori infected individuals remain asymptomatic,1,8,9 the infection is considered a high risk factor for gastritis-associated diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer, and possibly functional dyspepsia.1,9–12 Functional dyspepsia is defined as the presence of one or more symptoms in the gastroduodenal region (epigastric pain, epigastric burning, early satiation, and postprandial fullness) without organic, metabolic or systemic disease that is likely to explain the symptoms.13,14 The relationship between functional dyspepsia and H. pylori remains unclear. However, eradication therapy is recommended for these patients.15–17

Several factors can influence H. pylori eradication, such as bacterial resistance to antibiotics, treatment adherence, bacterial virulence factors, lifestyle, and host genetic polymorphisms.18–20 Inflammation in the gastric mucosa is triggered by stimulation of cytokines with pro- and anti-inflammatory actions in the presence of H. pylori. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with important proprieties, such as inhibition of gastric acid secretion and regulation of inflammatory responses to H. pylori infection.21,22 The IL1B gene has an important polymorphism located at position –31 in the promoter region (C to T transition),21,23 with genetic variants associated with different levels of IL-1β production.21,24–26 In this sense, increased inflammation of the gastric mucosa mediated by IL-1β may facilitate bacterial clearance and inhibit gastric acid secretion, which are both important mechanisms of response to H. pylori infection.21,23–26

Several studies have investigated the role of IL1B polymorphisms in H. pylori eradication, with controversial results in different populations.19,25,27–31 This study aimed to evaluate the influence of genetic variants from the IL1B –31 C/T polymorphism on the outcome of H. pylori eradication therapy among patients with functional dyspepsia.

Material and methodsStudy population

The present study was nested in the HEROES trial (Helicobacter Eradication Relief of Dyspeptic Symptoms trial; ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT00404534).32 This was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, with 12-month follow-up, conducted in a single academic hospital, the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. The HEROES trial studied the effects of H. pylori eradication on the symptoms of functional dyspepsia. In brief, both male and female patients aged 18 years or more, diagnosed with functional dyspepsia and positive for H. pylori, were enrolled in the clinical trial. Exclusion criteria were use of antibiotics or bismuth during four weeks prior to enrollment; proton pump inhibitor use during two weeks prior to enrollment; treatment with histamine-2 receptor blockers in the week prior to enrollment; predominant symptoms of heartburn, irritable bowel syndrome or anemia; and history of peptic ulcer, upper gastrointestinal surgery, biliary colic, and alcohol or drug abuse. Patients with findings suggestive of organic disease, such as peptic ulcer, erosive esophagitis, cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract and celiac disease, were also excluded.

The Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre approved the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before enrollment (including permission for genetic testing).

Study procedures

The Rome III criteria were used for the diagnosis of functional dyspepsia.33 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed on all patients and gastric biopsies were obtained at screening and 12 months after randomization (last follow-up visit). Two experienced endoscopists, who were blinded to the treatment allocation, performed the examinations; in case of disagreement, a third endoscopist was available for consultation. Two biopsy specimens were obtained from the incisura angularis, and three each from the corpus and antrum of the stomach. Histological examination was performed with hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa staining, and urease tests to determine H. pylori status, and a patient was considered infected if H. pylori was positive for both tests. In case of disagreement between the primary pathologists, a third pathologist was consulted. In the HEROES trial, patients were randomized to receive either triple therapy with omeprazole 20 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, and clarithromycin 500 mg, all twice-daily (Omepramix®, Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos SA, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) for 10 days (antibiotics group), or treatment with omeprazole 20 mg and placebo antibiotics, twice-daily (control group). Adherence to medication was assessed through pill count of returned medications. Patients were considered adherent if at least 80% of the prescribed medications were consumed. In the present study, patients from the antibiotics group were analyzed for genetic variants of IL1B –31 C/T polymorphism and rate of H. pylori eradication.

IL1B –31 C/T polymorphism genotyping

DNA samples were extracted from blood samples using the salting-out method.34 Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed for genotyping of the IL1B –31 C/T (rs1143627) polymorphism, with the previously described primers.23 PCR conditions involved an initial denaturation step at 94 °C for 3 min; 35 cycles at 94 °C for 10 s, 60 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 30 s; and a final extension step at 72 °C for 5 min. The Alul enzyme was used to digest the fragments of 239 base pairs (bp) generated from the PCR reaction (37 °C for 1 h). The C allele presented fragments of 234 bp and 5 bp, while the T allele was characterized by fragments of 137 bp, 97 bp and 5 bp. Genotypes were determined by visualization on a 10% polyacrylamide gel stained with silver nitrate.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were compared between groups using either the t-test or Mann–Whitney test. Frequencies were calculated by direct counting of alleles. The Hardy–Weinberg principle and comparison of genotype frequencies between groups were calculated using the chi-square test. Adjusted residuals and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were also obtained. All tests were two-tailed. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and WinPepi version 11.43.35

Results

Of the 404 patients with functional dyspepsia and positive for H. pylori included in the Heroes Trial32, 303 consented to participate in the genetic analysis of the IL1B gene. Of these, 149 received the triple therapy for H. pylori eradication. Only one patient was lost to follow-up, and adherence to study medication was 94.6% on average. In this study, nested in the HEROES trial,32 a total of 148 patients were evaluated for the influence of the IL1B –31 C/T polymorphism on the outcome of H. pylori eradication therapy. Fig. 1 shows the flow of participants in the present study.

Fig. 1.

Flow chart of study participants.

(0.14MB).

Table 1 presents the demographic characteristics of the 148 patients with functional dyspepsia enrolled in the present study. The mean age was 46.1 ± 12.2 years and 81.8% were women. Postprandial distress syndrome was present in 50.7% of patients.

Table 1.

Demographic and endoscopic characteristics of 148 patients with functional dyspepsia.

Variable  N (%) 
Age, mean±SD (years)  46.08 ± 12.24 
Female sex  121 (81.8) 
Race (white)  117 (79.1) 
Education >10 years  65 (43.9) 
Duration of dyspepsia >5 years  70 (47.3) 
Coffee drinker  98 (66.2) 
Smoking status
Never  85 (57.4) 
Current/Former  63 (42.6) 
Alcohol intake
Never  127 (85.8) 
Current/Former  21 (14.2) 
Dyspepsia subtypes
Epigastric syndrome pain  73 (49.3) 

SD: standard deviation.

Genotype frequencies of the IL1B –31 C/T polymorphism were as follows: CC, 38/148 (25.7%); CT, 71/148 (47.9%); and TT, 39/148 (26.4%). The samples were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = 0.622).

Table 2 shows the outcome of H. pylori eradication therapy according to genotypes of the IL1B –31 C/T polymorphism. After treatment, bacteria were eradicated in 129/148 (87.2%) patients. The successful eradication rates were 78.9%, 94.4%, and 82.1% for CC, CT, and TT genotypes, respectively. A significantly higher frequency of the CT genotype was observed among patients with successful H. pylori eradication (p = 0.039; padjusted = 0.012; OR = 4.05, 95% CI: 1.19–17.53). The dominance of the C and T alleles was also evaluated, but no significant association was observed.

Table 2.

Genotype frequencies of the IL1B –31 C/T polymorphism and the outcome of H. pylori eradication therapy.

  Totala  H. pylori eradicated  H. pylori not eradicated  p-value 
  (n = 148)  (n = 129)  (n = 19)   
Genotypes0.039 
CC  38 (25.7)  30 (23.3)  8 (42.1)   
CT  71 (47.9)  67 (51.9)b  4 (21.1)   
TT  39 (26.4)  32 (24.8)  7 (36.8)   
Dominant C allele model0.110 
CC + CT  109 (73.6)  97 (75.2)  12 (63.2)   
TT  39 (26.4)  32 (24.8)  7 (36.8)   
Dominant T allele model0.098 
CC  38 (25.7)  30 (23.3)  8 (42.1)   
CT + TT  110 (74.3)  99 (76.7)  11 (57.9)   

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

a

Data are shown as the number of patients (percentage).

b

Adjusted residuals p = 0.012; OR = 4.05 (95% CI: 1.19–17.53).

Discussion

In the present study, H. pylori was eradicated in a large proportion of patients with functional dyspepsia who were treated with triple therapy. Patients received twice-daily clarithromycin, amoxicillin and omeprazole during 10 days. This treatment period was chosen as some studies have reported the efficacy of H. pylori eradication to be lower in patients with functional dyspepsia than in patients with other gastric disorders, such as peptic ulcer disease.36,37 Moreover, a major strength of this study is that only one patient was lost to follow-up and participants showed high adherence to study medication. The CT genotype was present in almost half of the sample analyzed and was significantly associated with successful eradication therapy.

IL-1β is up-regulated in response to H. pylori infection, playing a central role in gastric inflammation by inducing the production of many other molecules, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, growth factors and adhesion molecules.21,22,38 Furthermore, IL-1β is a powerful inhibitor of gastric acid secretion and is reported as being 100-fold more potent than proton pump inhibitors.21

The IL1B –31 C/T polymorphism is located within the regulatory region of the transcription TATA box and its genetic variants are associated with different levels of IL-1β production.21,23–26 El-Omar et al.21 performed an in vitro study analyzing the DNA-protein interactions using synthetic allele-specific oligonucleotides, representing the –31 T and –31 C alleles. DNA-protein complex formation did not occur in the presence of the C allele; however, the DNA-protein interaction was increased five-fold with the T allele. The same experiment was performed for the –511 T/C polymorphism, a polymorphism characterized by T to C transition located at position –511 of the IL1B gene, which is in complete reverse linkage disequilibrium with the –31 C/T polymorphism.25,39 However, no difference was observed regarding DNA-protein interactions. In this sense, the production of IL-1β may be increased when the –31 T allele (–31 CT or –31 TT genotypes) is present, resulting in a strong inflammatory response in the gastric mucosa of H. pylori-infected patients.

The biological properties of IL-1β in the gastric inflammatory response to H. pylori infection and its influence on gastric acid secretion has motivated studies investigating the influence of genetic variants on H. pylori eradication, with controversial results. Studies with eastern and western populations have found no association of the IL1B –31 and –511 polymorphisms with H. pylori eradication rates.27,29–31 However, a study with Japanese patients infected with clarithromycin-sensitive strains found the –511 TC (–31 CT) and –511 TT (–31 CC) genotypes to be significantly associated with H. pylori eradication rates.28 The cure rate was 88.2% for carriers of the –511 TT (–31 CC) genotype, 87.7% for the –511 TC (–31 CT) genotype, and 72.2% for the –511 CC (–31 TT) genotype. A similar result was reported by Furuta et al.40, with significantly different eradication rates between genotypes: 94.7% for –511 TT (–31 CC), 89.6% for –511 TC (–31 CT), and 77.3% for –511 CC (–31 TT).

In the previously reported study by El-Omar,21 the presence of –31 T allele may enhance the production of IL-1β in the gastric mucosa, leading to intense gastric inflammation. A more severe inflammation of the gastric mucosa may facilitate the clearance of H. pylori through a strong inflammatory response. In addition, IL-1β is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, with decreased gastric acid secretion playing a fundamental role in H. pylori eradication.19,21,24,25 However, while the proinflammatory effect of IL-1β may facilitate the clearance of H. pylori, the inhibition of gastric acid leads to hypochloridria, causing damage to the mucosal cells and allowing the accumulation of bacterial toxins and by-products of inflammation, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide.21 Therefore, a hypothesis to explain our results may be related to the milder effect of the –31 CT on the induction of inflammation in the gastric mucosa. The CT genotype fulfills its role in causing inflammation able to contribute to H. pylori eradication, due the presence of T allele; however, the inflammation is not exacerbated to the extent of causing damage to the gastric mucosa and production of harmful amounts of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the CT genotype could contribute to successful H. pylori eradication.

The use of a proton-pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin or metronidazole for triple therapy has been the universally recommended treatment method for H. pylori-infection.41 The decreased efficacy of this combination over the years has been associated with antibiotic resistance, with H. pylori-eradication rates of <70%.15 The major limiting factor of triple therapy is the resistance of recent H. pylori strains to clarithromycin,42 with studies in Brazil reporting resistance rates ranging from 1.1% to 17.3%.43–45 The rate of resistance to clarithromycin in a representative sample of our study population is reported as being 11%,43 which makes the triple therapy (PPI-amoxicillin-clarithromycin) a good first-line treatment option for H. pylori eradication. Even considering the sensitivity to clarithromycin, high medication adherence rate and 10-day treatment period, it is also possible that CT genotype may be an influencing factor in successful H. pylori eradication.

A limitation of present study is concerning the sample size analyzed, which limited the statistical power to detect differences. Moreover, given that Brazilian population has mixed ancestry, there is a potential risk of sample stratification. Nevertheless, studies show that large urban areas from Brazil do not present significant isolated ethnical groups46 thus our patients are from a single panmictic population. Future studies with ethnic stratification and larger samples can generate a better knowledge of the influence of IL-1B gene in H. pylori eradication. On the other hand, it is important to note that the sample analyzed was rigorously characterized. All patients involved in the current study were diagnosed with functional dyspepsia according to the Rome III criteria, with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and gastric and duodenal biopsies, and H. pylori diagnosis was performed carefully through urease and histopathological tests. Another limitation of the present study is that neither IL-1β levels nor IL1B gene expression were determined in the gastric mucosa of patients. For a better understanding of the issue, it would be important to compare these levels among patients according to genotypes.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the CT genotype of the IL1B –31 C/T polymorphism is associated with successful eradication of H. pylori among patients with functional dyspepsia.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References
[1]
R. Cui, L. Zhou.
Helicobacter pylori infection: an overview in 2013, focus on therapy.
Chin Med J (Engl), 127 (2014), pp. 568-573
[2]
C.Y. Kao, B.S. Sheu, J.J. Wu.
Helicobacter pylori infection: an overview of bacterial virulence factors and pathogenesis.
Biomed J, 39 (2016), pp. 14-23
[3]
D. Lopes, C. Nunes, M.C. Martins, B. Sarmento, S. Reis.
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: past, present and future.
J Control Release, 189 (2014), pp. 169-186
[4]
X. Calvet, M.J. Ramirez Lazaro, P. Lehours, F. Megraud.
Diagnosis and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Helicobacter, 18 (2013), pp. 5-11
[5]
C. Porras, J. Nodora, R. Sexton, et al.
Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in six Latin American countries (SWOG Trial S0701).
Cancer Causes Control, 24 (2013), pp. 209-215
[6]
A. Mentis, P. Lehours, F. Megraud.
Epidemiology and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Helicobacter, 20 (2015), pp. 1-7
[7]
R.K. Baingana, J. Kiboko Enyaru, L. Davidsson.
Helicobacter pylori infection in pregnant women in four districts of Uganda: role of geographic location, education and water sources.
BMC Public Health, 14 (2014), pp. 915
[8]
P. Malfertheiner, A. Link, M. Selgrad.
Helicobacter pylori: perspectives and time trends.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 11 (2014), pp. 628-638
[9]
H. Suzuki, P. Moayyedi.
Helicobacter pylori infection in functional dyspepsia.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 10 (2013), pp. 168-174
[10]
T.F. Kanizaj, N. Kunac.
Helicobacter pylori: future perspectives in therapy reflecting three decades of experience.
World J Gastroenterol, 20 (2014), pp. 699-705
[11]
S. Shiota, R. Suzuki, Y. Yamaoka.
The significance of virulence factors in Helicobacter pylori.
J Dig Dis, 14 (2013), pp. 341-349
[12]
H. Miwa, J. Watari, H. Fukui, et al.
Current understanding of pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 26 (2011), pp. 53-60
[13]
J. Tack, T. Masaoka, P. Janssen.
Functional dyspepsia.
Curr Opin Gastroenterol., 27 (2011), pp. 549-557
[14]
V. Stanghellini, F.K. Chan, W.L. Hasler, et al.
Gastroduodenal disorders.
Gastroenterology, 150 (2016), pp. 1380-1392
[15]
P. Malfertheiner, F. Megraud, C.A. O’Morain, et al.
Management of Helicobacter pylori infection – the Maastricht IV/ Florence Consensus Report.
[16]
N.J. Talley.
Functional dyspepsia: new insights into pathogenesis and therapy.
Korean J Intern Med, 31 (2016), pp. 444-456
[17]
L.G. Coelho, I. Maguinilk, S. Zaterka, et al.
3rd Brazilian Consensus on Helicobacter pylori.
[18]
T. Kamada, K. Haruma, K. Komoto, et al.
Effect of smoking and histological gastritis severity on the rate of H. pylori eradication with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin.
Helicobacter, 4 (1999), pp. 204-210
[19]
M. Sugimoto, T. Furuta, Y. Yamaoka.
Influence of inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms on eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 24 (2009), pp. 1725-1732
[20]
M. Sugimoto, Y. Yamaoka.
Virulence factor genotypes of Helicobacter pylori affect cure rates of eradication therapy.
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 57 (2009), pp. 45-56
[21]
E.M. El-Omar, M. Carrington, W.H. Chow, et al.
Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer.
Nature, 404 (2000), pp. 398-402
[22]
A.M. Shanks, E.M. El-Omar.
Helicobacter pylori infection, host genetics and gastric cancer.
[23]
J. Yang, Z. Hu, Y. Xu, et al.
Interleukin-1B gene promoter variants are associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population.
Cancer Lett, 215 (2004), pp. 191-198
[24]
T. Furuta, E.M. El-Omar, F. Xiao, et al.
Interleukin 1beta polymorphisms increase risk of hypochlorhydria and atrophic gastritis and reduce risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence in Japan.
Gastroenterology, 123 (2002), pp. 92-105
[25]
I.R. Hwang, T. Kodama, S. Kikuchi, et al.
Effect of interleukin 1 polymorphisms on gastric mucosal interleukin 1beta production in Helicobacter pylori infection.
Gastroenterology, 123 (2002), pp. 1793-1803
[26]
T. Furuta, N. Shirai, M. Takashima, F. Xiao, H. Sugimura.
Effect of genotypic differences in interleukin-1 beta on gastric acid secretion in Japanese patients infected with Helicobacter pylori.
Am J Med, 112 (2002), pp. 141-143
[27]
Y. Ishida, Y. Goto, T. Kondo, et al.
Eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori according to genotypes of CYP2C19, IL-1B, and TNF-A.
Int J Med Sci, 3 (2006), pp. 135-140
[28]
M. Sugimoto, T. Furuta, N. Shirai, et al.
Influences of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms on eradication rates of clarithromycin-sensitive strains of Helicobacter pylori by triple therapy.
Clin Pharmacol Ther, 80 (2006), pp. 41-50
[29]
S. Take, M. Mizuno, K. Ishiki, et al.
Interleukin-1beta genetic polymorphism influences the effect of cytochrome P 2C19 genotype on the cure rate of 1-week triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection.
Am J Gastroenterol, 98 (2003), pp. 2403-2408
[30]
C.F. Zambon, M. Fasolo, D. Basso, et al.
Clarithromycin resistance, tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphism and mucosal inflammation affect H. pylori eradication success.
J Gastrointest Surg, 11 (2007), pp. 1506-1514
[31]
L. Zhang, Q. Mei, Q.S. Li, Y.M. Hu, J.M. Xu.
The effect of cytochrome P2C19 and interleukin-1 polymorphisms on H. pylori eradication rate of 1-week triple therapy with omeprazole or rabeprazole, amoxycillin and clarithromycin in Chinese people.
J Clin Pharm Ther, 35 (2010), pp. 713-722
[32]
L.E. Mazzoleni, G.B. Sander, C.F. Francesconi, et al.
Helicobacter pylori eradication in functional dyspepsia: HEROES trial.
Arch Intern Med, 171 (2011), pp. 1929-1936
[33]
J. Tack, N.J. Talley, M. Camilleri, et al.
Functional gastroduodenal disorders.
Gastroenterology, 130 (2006), pp. 1466-1479
[34]
D.K. Lahiri, J.I. Nurnberger Jr..
A rapid non-enzymatic method for the preparation of HMW DNA from blood for RFLP studies.
Nucleic Acids Res, 19 (1991), pp. 5444
[35]
J.H. Abramson.
WINPEPI updated: computer programs for epidemiologists, and their teaching potential.
Epidemiol Perspect Innov, 8 (2011), pp. 1
[36]
T. Matsuhisa, T. Tsukui.
The first-line eradication rate for Helicobacter pylori infection in functional dyspepsia patients.
J GHR, 3 (2014), pp. 1156-1161
[37]
L.J. van Doorn, P.M. Schneeberger, N. Nouhan, A.P. Plaisier, W.G. Quint, W.A. de Boer.
Importance of Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA status for the efficacy of antibiotic treatment.
Gut, 46 (2000), pp. 321-326
[38]
E.M. El-Omar.
The importance of interleukin 1beta in Helicobacter pylori associated disease.
Gut, 48 (2001), pp. 743-747
[39]
E.M. El-Omar, M. Carrington, W.H. Chow, et al.
The role of interleukin-1 polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.
Nature, 412 (2001), pp. 99
[40]
T. Furuta, N. Shirai, F. Xiao, et al.
Polymorphism of interleukin-1beta affects the eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori by triple therapy.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2 (2004), pp. 22-30
[41]
P. Malfertheiner, F. Megraud, C. O’Morain, et al.
Current European concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection – the Maastricht Consensus Report. The European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group (EHPSG).
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 9 (1997), pp. 1-2
[42]
T. Furuta, N. Shirai, M. Sugimoto, et al.
Influence of CYP2C19 pharmacogenetic polymorphism on proton pump inhibitor-based therapies.
Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 20 (2005), pp. 153-167
[43]
J.N. Eisig, F.M. Silva, R.C. Barbuti, et al.
Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Brazil: clarithromycin is still a good option.
Arq Gastroenterol, 48 (2011), pp. 261-264
[44]
P. Prazeres Magalhaes, D.M. De Magalhaes Queiroz, D.V. Campos Barbosa, et al.
Helicobacter pylori primary resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Brazil.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46 (2002), pp. 2021-2023
[45]
S.U. Picoli, L.E. Mazzoleni, H. Fernandez, et al.
Resistance to amoxicillin, clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin of Helicobacter pylori isolated from Southern Brazil patients.
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 56 (2014), pp. 197-200
[46]
F.C. Parra, R.C. Amado, J.R. Lambertucci, J. Rocha, C.M. Antunes, S.D. Pena.
Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U SA, 100 (2003), pp. 177-182
Copyright © 2018. Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases
Article options
Tools